Abstract: Increased yields of liquid hydrocarbon are obtained from a carbonaceous material (e.g., coal) by a two-stage process comprising pretreatment of the carbonaceous material with an appropriate gas in a first stage, followed by pyrolysis of the pretreated carbonaceous material, in a second stage.

Abstract: Light-hardened photoresist layers are stripped by treating the layer with an aqueous solution of an organic quaternary ammonium base and, optionally a strong inorganic base. The resulting layer residues are dispersed as relatively small flakes which do not become lodged between conducting paths.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for fractionating a hot vaporous hydrocarbon feed from a fluid catalytic cracking reactor wherein the hot vaporous feed is introduced into a fractionator zone near one end thereof and liquid is removed from a liquid collection zone and cooled in a heat extraction zone. A first portion of the cooled liquid is returned to a location between the liquid collection zone and the point of introduction of the vaporous feed and sprayed directly on hot condensed liquid flowing downwardly over an inclined baffle plate to quickly quench the liquid below the temperature at which polymerization of the constituents of the liquid can occur.

Abstract: Catalysts of reduced cost, for purifying exhaust gases, having smaller thermal expansion coefficients than conventional catalysts, good mechanical strength and large specific surface area are provided at low temperatures. The composition composed of at least re-hydrable alumina, an alkali or alkaline earth metal titanate and fused silica is thermally processed at comparatively low temperatures so as to provide ceramic catalyst carriers which have superior properties.

Abstract: The rate and ease of water dispersibility and/or water solubility of powdered or granular starch materials are substantially enhanced by the incorporation therein of a small but effective amount of a glycoside surfactant ingredient.

Abstract: A slurry catalytic hydroconversion process comprising at least two hydroconversion zones is provided in which the heavy hydrocarbonaceous fresh oil feed is added to more than one hydroconversion zone. Additional portions of catalysts or catalyst precursors are also added to the first hydroconversion zone and to additional hydroconversion zones.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing dual colloid catalyst compositions which are suitable for use in such processes as ammonia synthesis, carbon monoxide hydrogenation, hydrogenation and denitrogenation. The method comprises forming a gel, or suspension, by admixing: (i) one or more transition metal cyano-containing anionic-complex solutions wherein at least one solution contains a reducible transition metal, and wherein one or more of these solutions optionally contains a nonreducible metal, with (ii) one or more solutions containing polyvalent metal cations. The resulting gel, or suspension is heated to a temperature of about 90.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C. for an effective amount of time to allow hydrolysis and polymerization to occur. The resulting solid is then filtered and ion exchanged with ions of one or more metals selected from those exchangeable metals from groups IA, IIA, IIIB, IVB, VIB, VIIB, and VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The resulting ion-exchanged material is then dried.

Abstract: A process for the decomposition of a halogenated organic compound which comprises contacting the compound with a polyglycol and an alkali or alkaline-earth hydride, optionally in the presence of an alkali salt, at a temperature which does not exceed 100.degree. C., and under an atomosphere having a reduced oxygen content.The process is particularly useful for the decontamination of industrial oils containing chlorinated biphenyls because the treated oil is not degraded during the decontamination process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for continuous conversion of starch or starch containing materials into hydrolysates such as dextrins, higher sugars, maltose or dextrose. It provides for an extremely fast heating of an acidified or non acidified slurry by spraying it very finely into a chamber containing steam under pressure. The fast heating rate combined with the high operating temperature allow processing times of less than 20 seconds, usually between 1 and 4 seconds during which the starch is converted into the desired hydrolysate without passing through the classical "gelatinized" or "pasted" state. The desired product can be custom tailored from dextrins to glucose, in high yield and low level of degradation products. Moreover, the dextrins so produced have a very uniform molecular weight and the process can handle purified as well as impure starch such as ground corn, cassava and deteriorated harvests.

Abstract: A process for producing a pitch useful as a raw material for carbon fibers, which comprises(1) heat-treating at least one starting material selected from the group consisting of a heavy oil obtained by fluid catalytic cracking of a petroleum, a distillate or a residual oil obtained by distilling the heavy oil, and a pitch obtained by heat-treating any of the foregoing materials at a temperature of 350.degree. to 550.degree. C.,(2) separating and removing insoluble substances from the reaction mixture obtained in step (1) to obtain a first treated mixture,(3) heating the first treated mixture obtained in step (2) at a temperature of 250.degree. to 400.degree. C. and removing light fractions which distill at said temperature to obtain a second treated mixture, and(4) treating the second treated mixture obtained in step (3) at a temperature of 430.degree. to 550.degree. C.

Abstract: Gallium is recovered from gallium arsenide by reacting and dissolving the gallium arsenide with an oxidant and a complexing agent, especially with water insoluble hydroxamic acids with mild conditions, e.g. with aqueous hydrogen peroxide and mild temperature, to effect separation of gallium hydroxamic acid chelates from water soluble arsenic compounds.

Abstract: A process for the removal of H.sub.2 S from sour gaseous streams is disclosed in which the sour gaseous stream is contacted with a solution containing solubilized iron chelates of nitrilotriacetic acid. The contacting is carried out in first and second contacting zones, the first being a gas-solution mixture formation zone and the second comprising a plurality of contacting sections adapted to provide reaction of the H.sub.2 S in the sour gaseous stream with the iron in the contacting solution without plugging due to deposition of sulfur.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for readily and efficiently preparing L-rhamnose with the use of a marine alga belonging to the family Monostromaceae, Ulvales.According to the process of the present invention, rhamnan sulfate is extracted from a marine alga belonging to the family Monostromaceae such as Monostroma nitidium Wittrock and the obtained extract is hydrolyzed by adding acid(s) thereto followed by heating or treating thereof with a cation exchange resin followed by heating to thereby give a solution containing free L-rhamnose.Since the solution thus obtained contains a large amount of salts, the removal of these salts is significantly important in the preparation of L-rhamnose. In the present invention, an effective process therefor is combined with a conventional method by using an ion exchange resin to thereby establish an efficient desalting process.

Abstract: A process for the dry cationization of galactomannans by reaction with alkylidene epoxides in an alkaline medium in the presence of water at 5.degree. to 60.degree. C. and in the presence of finely divided, hydrophilic silicic acid.

Abstract: A complex of a tetradentate tetraanionic ligand L of the formula: ##STR1## and a metal, preferably a transition metal, is described where Z is an anionic oxidation reistant metal complexing group, Ch is an oxidation resistant chelate group containing 1 to 4 chain atoms and Y is hydrogen. The chelate and ring Z-Ch-M-Z functional groups Z, such as N or O, are resistant to oxidation and the ring contains 4 to 7 preferably 5 to 6 chain atoms. An osmium complex containing two pyridine ligands is an oxidation catalyst. Further activation by anodic oxidation and heating to a temperature exceeding 30.degree. C. greatly increases catalytic activity.

Abstract: Fine particles of solid fossil fuels are pyrolyzed by passage in a thin layer through a heating zone at successively higher temperatures in a non-oxidizing atmosphere while rapidly separating and removing volatile pyrolysis products. The resulting char may be first treated with mineral acid or employed directly in the hydroprocessing of additional solid fossil fuel to liquid fuels. Alternatively, the acid-washed char may be hydrotreated to afford an improved char product having a low sulfur and mineral content.

Abstract: The spaces into which the vessel is divided by means of horizontal perforated partions are successively cleaned from top to bottom. Firstly the uppermost space is cleaned: the cover of the access to the space is removed, through the access a high-pressure lance is equipped with a spray head comprising a body rotatable about the lance axis and spray arms rotatably mounted on said body and liquid is sprayed with a pressure lying between 35 and 50 MPa. Then the middle space is cleaned: the cover of the access to the space is removed, through the access a high-pressure lance is equipped with a fixed spray head provided with spray openings directed in various directions and liquid is sprayed with a pressure lying between 50 to 70 MPa. Finally the lowermost space is cleaned in the same way as the uppermost space. The cleaning liquid is discharged through the outlet in the vessel bottom.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process for the thermal treatment of hydrocarbon charges having a high content of asphaltenes in the presence of additives which prevent coke formation. The additive according to the invention is a salt of a metal selected from V, Mo, Cr, W, Fe, Co and Ni at a concentration between 100 and 2500 ppm of metal relative to the charge either in the form of a suspension of solid particles, in solution or as an emulsion. These additives prevent the coke formation in all thermal treatments of which the temperature is above about 420.degree. C., such as viscoreduction or hydro viscoreduction.

Abstract: Catalysts useful to catalyze the nitration of aromatic compounds in the vapor phase to produce nitroaromatic compounds are prepared by contacting a Group 4b-Group 3b metal oxide composition represented by the empirical formula:(M.sup.1.sub.a M.sup.2.sub.b O.sub.c).sub.x (NO.sub.2).sub.ywherein M.sup.1 is at least one element selected from Group 4b of the Periodic Table of the Elements, M.sup.2 is at least one element selected from Group 3b of the Periodic Table of the Elements, a is 1, b is 0 to 20, c is a number taken to satisfy the average valences of M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition, x is 1, and y is 0 to c, with a catalytically effective amount of sulfur trioxide. Such catalysts are particularly effective to catalyze the vapor phase nitration of chlorobenzene and are characterized in such reaction by providing a para/ortho isomer distribution ratio of at least about 2/1.

Abstract: The invention is a solid state preparation of copper aluminum borate catalyst comprising: dry mixing solid reagents comprising suitable precursors of copper oxide (CuO), aluminum oxide (Al.sub.2 O.sub.3) and boron oxide (B.sub.2 O.sub.3) with a solid binder which aids compaction of the solid reagents, is essentially inert to said reagents, and burns away upon calcination, said dry mixing resulting in formation of a superficially dry copper aluminum borate precursor; compacting the dry precursor; and calcining the precursor at a sufficiently high temperature to form crystalline copper aluminum borate.