Abstract: Organic solvent soluble zinc alkoxides are prepared by the reaction of dialkyl zinc with an alkoxy alcohol.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for producing gasoline and distillate grade products which employs integrating catalytic (or thermal) dehydrogenation of paraffins with MOGD to minimize interstage compression and gas plant separation cost. The process cascades the product from a low temperature propane or butane dehydrogenation zone into a first catalytic reactor zone which operates at low pressure and contains zeolite oligomerization catalysts, where the low molecular weight olefins are reacted to primarily gasoline range materials. These gasoline range materials can then be pressurized to the pressure required for reacting to distillate in a second catalytic reactor zone operating at high pressure and containing zeolite oligomerization catalyst. The first catalytic reactor zone also acts to remove the olefins from the dehydrogenation reactor effluent to allow recycle of the unreacted paraffins.

Abstract: There is disclosed a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) apparatus and process comprising a reactor riser zone, primary and secondary cyclones, connected in series to the riser zone, and a stripping zone. The riser zone, the primary and the secondary cyclones, and the stripping zone, are placed within a single reactor vessel. The primary cyclone is connected to the reactor riser zone by an enclosed conduit which prevents random post-thermal cracking of the hydrocarbons after they exit the reactor riser zone. The secondary cyclone is also connected to the primary cyclone by an enclosed conduit. Any one or both of the enclosed conduits contain a trickle valve to accommodate sudden increased surges of pressure and of flow of the hydrocarbons and catalyst mixture. The reactor riser zone is equipped with an opening which allows stripping gases, from the stripping zone, to enter the riser. The gases are subsequently conducted through the primary and secondary cyclones to the downstream fractionation means.

Abstract: Certain Mannich reaction products (i.e., alkylated phenol, polyamine, and an aldehyde) are used to deactivate first row transition metal species contained in hydrocarbon fluids. Left untreated, such metals lead to decomposition resulting in the formation of gummy, polymer masses in the hydrocarbon liquid.

Abstract: A temperature control process is disclosed for a hydrocarbon conversion process wherein a feedstock is heated in a furnace and is partly converting in a first reactor, the effluent from the first reactor is cooled in a first heat exchanger and by adding a quench, then the cooled effluent is converted in a second reactor, and the effluent from the second reactor is cooled in a second heat exchanger. Part of the pre-furnace feedstock is used as coolant for the two heat exchangers, the amount of coolant being controlled by a first bypass valve for a line bypassing both heat exchangers and by a second bypass valve for a line bypassing only the second heat exchanger. The inlet temperature for the second reactor is controlled while maximizing the pre-furnace feedstock temperature by adjusting the valve for quench and the two bypass valves.

Abstract: The invention here disclosed is a process for the selective removal of H.sub.2 S and COS from a gas stream having a relatively large concentration of CO.sub.2 and being predominantly formed of light hydrocarbons, such as methane. This process provides for the selective solvent extraction of H.sub.2 S and COS without absorbing CO.sub.2. In this process, the solvent comprises a bridgehead amine, a tertiary amine, water, and optionally a physical solvent acceptable to COS absorption, such as sulfolane. The absorption conditions of this process comprise a pressure of from about atmospheric to about 1200 psig and a temperature of from about 40.degree. F. to about 250.degree. F. The treated stream derived from this process contains CO.sub.2 and light hydrocarbons and a near absence of H.sub.2 S and COS.

Abstract: A fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process and apparatus which exposes a residuum to microwave energy to activate the residuum prior to feeding to a fluid catalytic cracking riser. The process and apparatus also cracks a portion of a light hydrocarbon stream to produce reactive free radical and olefinic compounds by contacting the light hydrocarbon stream with a fluid catalytic cracking stream in the riser. The catalyst and activated light hydrocarbon stream then combines with the microwave-activated residuum in the riser. The present invention may be employed in a multiple riser system or in a single riser system. The present invention minimizes coke production by quickly and uniformly heating residuum in the microwave heater prior to passing into the riser.

Abstract: An improved method which provides for an extended cycle length in catalytic lube dewaxing of residual lube oil feedstocks and easier catalyst regeneration. The method may incorporate catalytically dewaxing a feedstock in a fixed bed reactor with or without product recycle, or a series of reactors with interreactor separation of vapors from liquids. Improved performance is achieved by operating the reactor at a temperature between about 490.degree. and about 620.degree. F., employing a high activity crystalline zeolite catalyst having an alpha value between about 50 and about 900 based on the zeolite and a space velocity sufficiently low to produce a dewaxed effluent of desired pour point and to maintain an average catalyst aging rate of less than about 2.degree. F. per day. This relatively low temperature operation allows catalyst performance to be restored by simple hydrogen reactivation.

Abstract: The instant invention discloses a method of removing heterocyclic basic nitrogen compounds from petroleum oils which comprises first enhancing the concentration of the heterocyclic basic nitrogen compounds in a portion of the petroleum oil and then extracting the enhanced portion of the heterocyclic basic nitrogen compounds with a two phase system having an aliphatic carboxylic acid as the extracting agent. In the hydrotreating embodiment of this invention a portion of all of the nitrogen compounds are converted to heterocyclic basic nitrogen compounds and thereby more feasibly extracted. In the distillation embodiment of this invention the nitrogen compounds are actually concentrated and thereby result in a more feasible extraction with the aliphatic carboxylic acid.

Abstract: A process for dewaxing and stabilizing a hydrocracked bright stock, comprising hydrodenitrification, catalytic dewaxing, and mild hydrofinishing.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon feedstocks containing relatively high levels of nitrogen contaminants are converted by catalytic cracking to products of lower average molecular weight by contacting the feedstock with a mixture of a cracking catalyst and separate particles of a nitrogen scavenger comprising microporous solids selected from the group consisting of acid clays; hydrogen or ammonium exchanged mordenite, clinoptilolite, chabazite and erionite; mineral acids or mineral acid precursors supported on an inorganic, refractory oxide; and Catapal alumina.

Abstract: Energy conserving limestone calcining system, including a process and apparatus in which in a first step or kiln zone limestone is heated, e.g., at 1700.degree.-2100.degree. F., sufficiently to achieve more than only about 50 or 60%, e.g.

Abstract: For parallel heat exchangers, one using a more preferred heat exchange medium as a heat exchange source and another using a less preferred heat exchange medium, maximum use of the more preferred heat exchange medium is used prior to use of the less preferred heat exchange medium in achieving a desired total heat exchange through the parallel heat exchange system. In employing such a heat exchange system in a cracking process it is combined with individual control of flows of feed fluid and diluent fluid to a plurality of individual cracking tubes in a cracking furnace to maintain a desired mass flow of feed fluid and ratio of mass diluent fluid to steam fluid to each such cracking tube.

Abstract: A process for activating fluid bed catalysts useful for producing maleic anhydride from 4 carbon atom hydrocarbons is provided including contacting the fluidized catalyst containing the mixed oxides of vanadium and phosphorus with oxygen and a reducing gas at least partially combustible with oxygen at elevated temperatures sufficient to cause such combustion, wherein the molar ratio of reducing gas to oxygen is greater than the stoichiometric ratio required for complete combustion of the reducing gas. Also provided are catalysts activated by the process of the invention, as well as a process for producing maleic anhydride utilizing the catalysts thus activated.

Abstract: A method is provided for reducing the level of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons dissolved in an organic solvent which avoids the accumulation of sticky residues on the equipment utilized.

Abstract: A process for the removal of hydrogenatable hydrocarbonaceous compounds from a hydrocarbonaceous stream which comprises the steps of: (a) contacting the hydrocarbonaceous stream with an adsorbent to remove at least a portion of the hydrogenatable hydrocarbonaceous compounds from the hydrocarbonaceous stream to provide a hydrocarbonaceous stream having a reduced concentration of hydrogenatable hydrocarbonaceous compounds; (b) contacting spent adsorbent which has accumulated the hydrogenatable hydrocarbonaceous compounds from the hydrocarbonaceous stream with an elution solvent to remove the hydrogenatable hydrocarbonaceous compounds from the spent adsorbent thereby regenerating the adsorbent; (c) recovering at least a portion of the elution solvent from a resulting admixture of elution solvent and hydrogenatable hydrocarbonaceous compounds recovered from step (b) in an elution solvent recovery zone; (d) contacting the hydrogenatable hydrocarbonaceous compounds which were recovered from step (c) in the presence

Abstract: A process and apparatus for converting light hydrocarbons, such as waste organic solvents, to a useful fuel having a high flash point. A mixture of light hydrocarbon and heavy oil, wherein the ratio of light hydrocarbon to heavy oil preferably lies in the range from about 10:1 to about 1:4, is forced at a pressure of preferably at least about 500 psi through a porous substrate having a catalytically effective amount of an active oxide of hexavalent group 6b metal, such as chromium, thereon. The porous substrate may comprise a sintered powder stainless steel material having an average pore size in the range from about 20 to about 2000 microns. The catalyst is prepared by wetting the porous substrate with a solution of a salt of the group 6b metal and heating the wetted substrate until a catalytically active oxide of hexavalent group 6b metal is formed thereon.

Abstract: An improved method for deasphalting and demetallizing heavy oils, where the improvement is a counterflow washing step which increases the yield of the product oil. A heavy oil feedstream is contacted in a countercurrent manner with a solvent in a multi-stage extraction zone and a resulting light phase stream is heated and passed into a settling zone. A second light phase stream comprised of the product deasphalted and demetallized oil and solvent is separated from a contaminant-laden heavy phase in the settling zone. The contaminant-laden heavy phase, which is termed a resin phase, contains an equilibrium amount of DMO and solvent. DMO-enriched solvent is displaced from the resin stream by means of a counterflow washing process using pure solvent.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved hydroconversion process for the hydroconversion of heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks containing asphaltenes, metals, and sulfur compounds which process minimizes the production of carbonaceous insoluble solids and catalyst attrition rates. The process is characterized by the use of a catalyst which has about 0.1 to about 0.3 cc/gm of its pore volume in pores having diameters greater than 1,200.ANG. and no more than 0.1 cc/gm of its pore volume in pores having diameters greater than 4,000.ANG..

Abstract: Catalysts comprising the adduct of a Group 4b-Group 3b metal oxide composition represented by the empirical formula:(M.sup.1.sub.a M.sup.2.sub.b O.sub.c).sub.x (NO.sub.2).sub.ywherein M.sup.1 is at least one element selected from Group 4b of the Periodic Table of the Elements, M.sup.2 is at least one element selected from Group 3b of the Periodic Table of the Elements, a is 1, b is 0.05 to 20, c is a number taken to satisfy the average valences of M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition, x is 1, and y is 0 to c, and a catalytically effective amount of sulfur trioxide are useful to catalyze the nitration of aromatic compounds in the vapor phase to produce nitroaromatic compounds. The catalysts are particularly effective to catalyze the vapor phase nitration of chlorobenzene and are characterized in such reaction by providing a para/ortho isomer distribution ratio of at least about 2/1.