Abstract: The thermal cracking of retort oil vapors in an elongated reactor is improved by passing the effluent oil vapors and gases from a retort to a thermal cracking unit before the temperature of the retort effluent falls below 680.degree. F. This encourages the more desirable cracking reactions, increases the thermal efficiency of the process, and avoids preheater coking.

Abstract: In a process for the retorting of oil shale wherein hot flue gases containing oxygen are used for preheating the raw oil shale and wherein, additionally, a combustible sludge containing particulate matter and bottoms oil is produced, method and apparatus are disclosed for forming a combustible mixture of the sludge and the gases whereby the sludge is combusted to raise the temperature of the gases and produce only entrained particulate matter as a by-product. By so doing, the requirement for additional fuel to heat the gases to operational temperatures is reduced and the sludge is eliminated as a by-product of the process requiring separate disposal. Rather, the entrained particulate matter is removed and disposed of along with particulate matter normally produced within the process.

Abstract: Coal liquefaction products are contacted with a deashing solvent and introduced into a first separation zone. The first separation zone is maintained at an elevated temperature and pressure, determined to maximize the recovery of soluble coal products, to cause said coal liquefaction products to separate into a first light phase and a first heavy phase. Under these conditions the heavy phase while still fluid-like in character is substantially non-flowable. Flowability is returned to the fluid-like heavy phase by the introduction of an additional quantity of deashing solvent into the first separation zone at a location below the interface between the first light and heavy phases or into the heavy phase withdrawal conduit during withdrawal of the first heavy phase and prior to any substantial pressure reduction. The first heavy phase then is withdrawn from the first separation zone for additional downstream processing without plugging either the withdrawal conduit or the downstream apparatus.

Abstract: High quality carbon black forming material convertible with high yield into furnace black having a high abrasion resistance in rubber is prepared by dissolving pitch with conventional thinly liquid carbon black feed stock and mechanically separating suspended matter from the mixture obtained.

Abstract: Ammonium sulfate-bisulfate solution contaminated with metal and other ash producing contaminants is treated by adjusting the pH of the solution to the range that produces a precipitate of the contaminant by the addition of ammonia or ammonium hydroxide; cooled to at least the temperature at which a precipitate is produced; removing the precipitate from the solution; the pH of the solution from which the precipitate has been removed is adjusted to the range at which precipitation is substantially completed by the addition of sulfuric acid; and the SO.sub.4.sup.= ion concentration and the NH.sub.4.sup.+ ion concentration of the solution are adjusted to the range of the solution before initial circulation to produce a solution in which the metal concentration has been sufficiently reduced to permit recycle for use in reclaiming used motor oils.

Abstract: A process for producing a cracked distillate and hydrogen from a heavy oil which comprises cracking the heavy oil in the presence of laterite or a laterite-containing catalyst while simultaneously depositing coke on said laterite or laterite-containing catalysts, reducing the laterite or laterite-containing catalyst on which the coke is deposited, and forming a hydrogen-rich gas by contacting the reduced laterite or laterite-containing catalyst with steam.

Abstract: A solid carbonaceous material principally coal is subjected to a solvent extraction by[a] introducing a hydrogen donor-solvent and the carbonaceous particulate material into a generally vertically directed extraction zone at an elevated pressure;[b] imparting a continuous generally upwards directed flow to said solvent, the solvent being at a temperature above the softening temperature of the said particles and the pressure being higher than the vapor pressure of the solvent at said temperature, the flow velocity of the solvent being sufficient to cause fluidization of said particles;[c] withdrawing the solvent together with the formed extract continuously at the top of the extraction zone while preventing the entrainment of solid particles;[d] effecting the separation of the extract and solvent outside said extraction zone;[e] removing the remaining solid particles together with residual extract-free or extract-lean solvent from the extraction zone separate from the withdrawal at [c]; and[f] separating the s

Abstract: Compositions which include mixtures of a calcium hydroxide overbased oil-soluble calcium sulfonate, hexylene glycol and a surfactant consisting of an ethoxylated aliphatic amine, particularly, diethoxylated cocoamine or diethoxylated soyamine, are useful as rust inhibiting additives for oils and the like. By incorporating these compositions in petroleum based oils such as petroleum based oils of lubricating oil quality which come into contact with metal surfaces under conditions such that the metal surfaces tend to rust or otherwise be subject to deterioration it is possible to inhibit rust formation on such metal surfaces.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for retorting raw shale comprising the following steps:(1) passing raw shale downwardly through the upper zone of a two-zoned vertical retort;(2) introducing a gas comprising molecular oxygen and flue gas at a temperature of about 590.degree. to about 760.degree. C., and ambient pressure into said upper zone and passing the same upwardly through said upper zone in contact with said raw shale;(3) recovering from an upper part of said upper zone a product comprising shale oil and retort gas;(4) passing the treated shale from a lower part of said upper zone downwardly through the lower zone of said two-zoned retort;(5) introducing molecular oxygen at a temperature of about 25.degree. to about 100.degree. C. and flue gas at a temperature of about 25.degree. to about 200.degree. C.

Abstract: Compatibility of solvent refined coal and other coal liquids with conventional petroleum fuels is improved by moderate catalytic hydrogenation of the solvent refined coal liquid to a hydrogen to carbon atomic ratio less than that of corresponding petroleum fractions. As degree of hydrogenation of solvent refined coal is increased, compatibility with petroleum fractions of like boiling range increases to a maximum measured by precipitation of sediment from the blend of equal parts of the two fuels. That maximum is achieved at a hydrogen/carbon ratio below that of the corresponding petroleum fractions. As that ratio is increased toward the ratio characteristic of a like petroleum fraction, compatibility is impaired.

Abstract: In an integrated fluid coking and gasification process wherein a stream of fluidized solids is passed from a fluidized bed coking zone to a second fluidized bed and wherein entrained solid fines are recovered by a wet scrubbing process and wherein the resulting solids-liquid slurry is stripped to remove acidic gases, the stripped vapors of the stripping zone are sent to the gas cleanup stage of the gasification product gas. The improved stripping integration is particularly useful in the combination coal liquefaction process, fluid coking of bottoms of the coal liquefaction zone and gasification of the product coke.

Abstract: A riser cracking-catalyst regeneration operation is described wherein a suspension discharged from a riser operation is separated by catalyst particle concentrating means which discharge a concentrated stream of catalyst separated from gasiform material into a downcomer zone and out of further contact with discharged gasiform material in the suspension. A stripping gas is used to particularly aid the separation of catalyst and hydrocarbon vapors.

Abstract: Continuous production of coke by pyrolysis of a hydrocarbon mixture containing petroleum tar, coal tar pitch or pyrolysis tars in which the hyrocarbon mixture and recycled condensate is heated in a preheater at a rate to increase the mesophase content of the mixture up to 30 to 60%; the preheated mixture is then heated in a coking zone at a rate to form a raw coke having a mesophase content of 70 to 100%; continuously removing the raw coke from the coking zone and heating it in a calciner. The coke produced is more uniform and the process more efficient.

Abstract: Disclosed is a carbon extrusion oil for preparing carbon and graphite electrodes. The composition comprises a mixture of straight-chain paraffin hydrocarbons and cylinder stock derived from a naphthenic type of crude oil. This invention relates to a method for producing extruded carbon or graphite bodies and to a composition for use therein.

Abstract: Mined, crushed hydrocarbonaceous solids are pyrolyzed in a retort with a gas containing hydrocarbons. The gas is heated to a suitable temperature of at least 600.degree. F. Thereafter, a relatively small amount of oxygen is added to the heated gas outside the retort. The resulting mixture is then flowed into the retort. The amount of oxygen is theoretically sufficient to raise the temperature of the heated gas at least 100.degree. F., but is less than the amount theoretically sufficient to react with all of the hydrocarbons in the heated gas. The process is applicable to any type of retort wherein a retort recycle gas containing hydrocarbons is heated outside the retort and is then injected into the retort to provide a source of heat for pyrolyzing hydrocarbonaceous solids in the retort. The advantages of this modified indirect heated retorting method depends on the type of retort.

Abstract: Novel catalyst compositions are provided comprising a silica/alumina carrier having a silica content less than about 40% by weight and at least one noble metal component of Group VIII of the Periodic Table and wherein the catalyst contains (1) pores having a diameter of smaller than 600 A occupying at least 90% of the total pore volume and (2) pores having a diameter of 150 to 600 A occupying at least about 40% of the total volume of the pores having a diameter of smaller than 600 A. This catalyst is particularly useful in the production of jet fuels and white oils.

Abstract: A continuous autorefrigerant solvent dewaxing process is disclosed wherein a waxy oil is prediluted with a non-autorefrigerative solvent, such as ketone, preferably a mixture of MEK/MIBK, and then passed, at a temperature above its cloud point, to the top of a chilling zone, which is an autorefrigerant chilling zone operating on a continuous basis, and comprises a vertical, multi-staged tower, operating at constant pressure. In this chilling zone, wax is precipitated from the oil to form a waxy slurry and the so-formed slurry is further chilled down to the wax filtration temperature by stagewise contact with liquid autorefrigerant preferably propylene, which is injected into a plurality of said stages and evaporated therein so as to cool the waxy slurry at an average rate of between about 0.1.degree. to 20.degree. F. per minute with an average temperature drop across each stage of between about 2.degree. and 20.degree. F.

Abstract: Coal is finely ground and cleaned so as to preferentially remove denser ash-containing particles along with some coal. The resulting cleaned coal portion having reduced ash content is then fed to a coal hydrogenation system for the production of desirable hydrocarbon gases and liquid products. The remaining ash-enriched coal portion is gasified to produce a synthesis gas, the ash is removed from the gasifier usually as slag, and the synthesis gas is shift converted with steam and purified to produce the high purity hydrogen needed in the coal hydrogenation system. This overall process increases the utilization of as-mined coal, reduces the problems associated with ash in the liquefaction-hydrogenation system, and permits a desirable simplification of a liquids-solids separation step otherwise required in the coal hydrogenation system.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon feedstock derived from crude oil or other sources is subjected continuously to thermal cracking under pressure and in the presence of hydrogen in order to convert the feedstock to products of lower molecular weight containing high proportions of olefinic components. In a first processing step, a catalytic hydrogenating pretreatment is performed at a temperature within the range of 300.degree. C. to 600.degree. C. and under a pressure within the range of 12 to 85 bars. In a second step, a thermal cracking treatment is performed under a pressure within the range of 10 to 70 bars with residence times of less than 0.5 second and at a temperature within the range of 625.degree. C. to 1,000.degree. C., the quantity of hydrogen employed being such that the molar concentration in the effluents is at least equal to 20%.

Abstract: A continuous, combination ketone-autorefrigerant solvent dewaxing process is disclosed wherein a waxy oil is partially solvent dewaxed to within from about 30.degree. to 110.degree. F. of the final wax filtration temperature in a first chilling zone, preferably comprising a plurality of agitated stages in the presence of a ketone dewaxing solvent to form a slurry containing solid wax particles, partially dewaxed oil and solvent. This ketone-containing slurry is passed to a second chilling zone, which is an autorefrigerant chilling zone, preferably employing liquid propylene operates on a continuous basis, and comprises a vertical, multi-staged tower, operating at constant pressure, wherein additional wax is precipitated from the slurry. In the second chilling zone the slurry is chilled down to the wax filtration temperature by stagewise contact with liquid propylene which is injected into a plurality of said stages and evaporated therein so as to cool the waxy slurry at an average rate of between about 0.1.