Abstract: A thin passivating layer (14) of CdTe is formed on a layer of photoconductive HgCdTe (4) by means of electrochemical deposition. The photoconductive layer (4) is used as a cathode. A first anode (26) is fabricated of tellurium and a second anode (28) is fabricated of an inert substance such as graphite. An electrolyte (30) comprises an aqueous solution of CdSO.sub.4 and unsaturated TeO.sub.2. Alternatively, electrolyte (30) can be saturated with TeO.sub.2, in which case a first anode is fabricated of an inert substance, and an optional second anode is fabricated of cadmium. After purifying the cathode (1) and the electrolyte (30), cadmium and tellurium are simultaneously deposited upon cathode (1). Stoichiometric balance is maintained to maximize the resistivity of the passivating CdTe layer (14). This is accomplished by regulating the deposition voltage of cathode (1) with respect to a saturated calomel electrode (22).

Abstract: Production of metallic aluminum by the electrolysis of Al.sub.2 S.sub.3 at 700.degree.-800.degree. C. in a chloride melt composed of one or more alkali metal chlorides, and one or more alkaline earth metal chlorides and/or aluminum chloride to provide improved operating characteristics of the process.

Abstract: A mixture of optical brightener compounds consisting of a compound of formula (A) ##STR1## and at least one compound of formula (B) or (C) where formula (B) is ##STR2## and formula (C) is ##STR3##

Abstract: A process of coating with film-forming material an article which is made a cathode in an electrical circuit and is immersed in either an aqueous dispersion of a derivative of the film-forming material comprising a stabilizing cationic group hydrolyzable at the cathode or an aqueous dispersion of the film-forming material stabilized by association with a distinct surfactant comprising a cationic group hydrolyzable at the cathode, to yield the film-forming material as a coating on the cathode when electric current is passed between the cathode and a counter-electrode.Also suitable coating compositions in which the film-forming material is primarily stabilized by ionic groups hydrolyzable at the cathode.

Abstract: A plurality of rectangular electrolytic cells are disposed in at least two rows of a side-by-side arrangement of cells. A first set of cathode bus bars extends along the outside of the short end of the cell facing the other row of cells. This set of bus bars, along with a second set of bus bars disposed beneath the cell, collect cathode current from the upstream long side of the cell. The second bus bars are positioned, and current through each set of bus bars is controlled, to minimize disruption of the molten bath due to circulation flow.

Abstract: New bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones of the formulae Ia and Ib in the form of pure enantiomers and processes for preparing them are described. The compounds are used for the preparation of pure enantiomers of the formula V by sensitized photoreaction or of pure enantiomers of the formula VI by unsensitized photoreaction.

Abstract: In an electrolytic reduction cell for aluminium production, the cathode is constituted by an array of upwardly open tubular elements (5) filled with molten metal and extending upwards from the molten metal pool (8) into the molten electrolyte (9). The metal within each tube is in open communication with the molten metal in the pool. The elements are of a material such as titanium diboride which is wetted by molten aluminium but not by molten electrolyte. The vertical tubes in the elements have an internal diameter, preferably of 0.5-2.5 cms, chosen so that the molten metal level therein is maintained at or close to the top of the tube by capillary action. Preferably the tubular elements extend about 1-4 cms up into the molten electrolyte layer and are positioned at a center-to-center spacing of 1.2 to 3 times their external diameter.

Abstract: Aliphatic and aromatic amines are prepared by the addition of N--H bonds from ammonia or a primary or secondary amine across the double bonds of an olefin under the influence of light energy, preferably in the presence of a photocatalyst. Amines are widely used commercially as intermediates in the manufacture of rubber products, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, dyestuffs, textile finishing agents, etc.

Abstract: Aromatic ketones may be prepared by subjecting an alkyl aromatic compound containing more than one carbon atom in the alkyl substituent to an electrical energy which includes a direct electrical current in the presence of a nucleophile such as an organometallic oxide, a solvent and a reaction initiator such as an alkali metal hydroxide and a quaternary ammonium hydroxide to produce a ketal, following which the ketal may be converted to the desired ketone by hydrolysis.

Abstract: A process for recovering power is disclosed, by which excess electric power is exploited for electrolyzing alkali metal hydroxides (molten) and the thusly obtained pure alkali metals are stored. When the demand of electric power becomes critical, the alkali metals are reconverted into their hydroxides and the reaction heat, along with the hydrogen produced in the reaction, is recovered to produce steam: the latter can be used either to produce electricity, or to use its heat, or both.

Abstract: There is disclosed an electroplating apparatus in which a plurality of anodes and twice-as-large plurality of first and second cathodes are disposed in a cell such that each anode has on its opposite sides a first cathode and a second cathode, respectively. First and second adjustable constant current sources supply current to, respectively, all first cathodes and such anodes and all second cathodes and such anodes. A plurality of current adjusting units respective corresponding to the anodes are connected on the positive side of each such current source between that source and each respective anode. The anodes are permanently installed in the cell, while the cathodes are carried by a holder fitting over the top of the cell and removable therefrom. The cathodes may be selectively inserted into guideways in their holder and then locked in place in these guideways until removal of the cathodes is desired, when they are unlocked.

Abstract: A nonconsumable electrode assembly suitable for use in the production of metal by electrolytic reduction of a metal compound dissolved in a molten salt, the assembly comprising a ceramic electrode body and a metal subassembly of a metal conductor rod and at least one metal strap affixed to an end of the rod with opposing portions extending radially outwardly from the rod axis and having the ends of the strap attached to the electrode body.

Abstract: In an electrophoretic coating process with use of a cationic electrophoretic coating composition having its pH adjusted to 6 to 8, the cationic electrophoretic coating composition is replenished with a replenishing coating agent having a lower neutrality than the cationic electrophoretic coating composition to adjust the pH value and solids concentration of the composition, by admixing the replenishing coating agent with a portion of the cationic electrophoretic coating composition being used for the coating process to prepare a replenishing composition and adding the replenishing composition to the cationic electrophoretic coating composition.

Abstract: In the method of and apparatus for measuring the electrophoretic mobility, the electrophoretic mobility for the particles in a test sample is determined by measuring the apparent electrophoretic mobility at the positions for each of a plurality of different particles contained in the test sample moving under the electric field, and substituting the position for the stationary plane at which the flow velocity due to electroosmotic effect is zero into the theoretical curve (M(x)=-FX.sup.2 +AX+B based on the measured data.

Abstract: A method for generating chlorine dioxide gas from sodium chlorite solution by photooxidizing the solution to produce chlorine dioxide in an aqueous phase which is gasified by supplying nitrogen or air through the aqueous phase.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided which machines a generally cylindrical shaft in such a way so as to improve its roundness. A bracket is shaped to be slidably associated with the shaft in a two point contact. The bracket has a measuring means attached to it which measures the distance between a portion of the shaft's surface and a chordal line drawn between the two points of contact between the bracket and the shaft. Also provided is a means for electrochemically removing material from the surface of the shaft in response to a signal received from the measuring means which is amplified prior to being transmitted to a cathode portion of the electrochemical machining apparatus. Variations of the roundness machining apparatus incorporate placements of the cathode at various arcuate distances from the measuring means.

Abstract: An electrode assembly comprising an electrically conductive ceramic electrode body having an opening therein and a metal stub retained in the opening with at least a surface of the stub in intimate contact with a surface of the body and the stub adapted with a spring to flex and prevent damage to the body from expansion of the stub when subjected to a temperature differential.

Abstract: Etching aluminum foil by (both) a high frequency current of at least 1 KHz and subsequently by an alternating current of less than 1 KHz remarkably increases the effective surface area for use in an electrolytic capacitor.

Abstract: A shaped article of collagen having 5 to 20 .mu.m of thickness, the peak maximum temperature of endothermic denaturation thereof being in the range of 62.degree. to 71.degree. C., the wet tensile strength thereof being in the range of 3 to 6 kg/mm.sup.2 and the wet tear strength thereof being in the range of 25 to 150 g.multidot.cm/cm is prepared by a process comprising cross-linking a collagenous material so that the difference of the peak maximum temperatures of endothermic denaturation of the material between before and after the cross-linking falls in the range of 1.0.degree. to 10.degree. C. and the peak maximum temperature after the cross-linking falls in the range of 63.degree. to 74.degree. C., fibrating the cross-linked collagenous material to prepare an aqueous dispersion with the viscosity of 100 to 2000 cP and the spinnability of 30 to 80 mm at the concentration of 1% by weight of collagen fiber and subjecting the dispersion to electrodeposition.

Abstract: Process for producing lithium by electroreduction of a lithium compound dispersed in a fused salt electrolyte and deposition of said electroreduced lithium in a liquid metal cathode from which said lithium is recovered.