Abstract: A thin film of gallium oxidized with oxygen is produced by reactive vapor depositing gallium in a vacuum with oxygen followed by tempering. The refractive index (n) lies in the range of 1.2 to 1.3.
Abstract: A hard film 2 is applied to cover an outer circumferential surface of a piston ring 1 by an ion plating process. Either 3 percent to 20 percent by weight of oxygen, or 2 percent to 11 percent by weight of carbon is included in a solid solution state in a crystal structure of CrN in the hard film 2. The Vickers hardness of the hard film 2 is in a range of 1600 to 2200.
Abstract: A starting mechanism for a reciprocating piston pneumatic hammer provides a passageway coupling a pneumatic piston subchamber to an exit port to exhaust pressurized pneumatic fluid from the subchamber during a start-up period. A pneumatic valve is provided to open the passageway as the hammer is started so as to create a pressure differential in the coupled piston subchamber, and thus prevent the piston from centering. The valve closes the passageway after the piston reciprocation has begun.
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