Abstract: Processes, systems and equipment can be used to convert carbonaceous fuel to an output gas stream that includes CO as a primary C-containing product. In some embodiments, the processes and systems also can produce H2 in a separate reaction, with the H2 advantageously being capable of being combined with the CO from a partial oxidation process to provide syngas which, in turn, can be used to produce fuels and chemicals. The processes and systems can be tuned so as to not produce significant amounts of CO2 and do not require an air separation unit.

Abstract: Disclosed are a gas to liquids (GTL)—floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) system that can be used in offshore oil-gas fields or stranded gas fields and a method for producing synthetic fuel using the same. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a GTL-FPSO system capable of producing liquid synthetic fuel from gas extracted from stranded gas fields or associated gas extracted from oil-gas fields, including a reforming reactor and a liquid hydrocarbon producer, and a method for producing the same.

Abstract: In a process for producing phenol and cyclohexanone, a cleavage feed containing greater than 40 wt % and no greater than 95 wt % cyclohexyl-1-phenyl-1-hydroperoxide, and at least 5 wt % and less than 60 wt % cyclohexylbenzene is mixed with at least phenol, cyclohexanone, water, and sulfuric acid to produce a cleavage reaction mixture containing from 15 wt % to 50 wt % phenol, from 15 wt % to 50 wt % cyclohexanone, from 1 wt % to 10 wt % cyclohexyl-1-phenyl-1-hydroperoxide, from 5 wt % to 60 wt % cyclohexylbenzene, from 0.1 wt % to 4 wt % water, and from 10 wppm to 1000 wppm sulfuric acid. The cleavage reaction mixture is then reacted at a temperature from 30° C. and to 70° C., and a pressure of at least 1 atmosphere for a time sufficient to convert at least 50% of said cyclohexyl-1-phenyl-1-hydroperoxide in said cleavage reaction mixture and produce a cleavage effluent containing phenol and cyclohexanone.

Abstract: Processes of and systems for removing free bromine from gaseous anhydrous HBr contaminated with free bromine are described. In one type of process the gaseous contaminated HBr is fed into countercurrent contact with at least one liquid alkylaromatic hydrocarbon within a packed section of a column while maintaining the packed section under free radical bromination conditions so that one or more than one liquid a-bromoalkylaromatic compound is produced along with one mole of gaseous HBr per mole of a-bromoalkylaromatic compound produced. In another type of process the gaseous anhydrous HBr is fed into countercurrent contact through at least two scrubbers so that the gaseous anhydrous HBr is scrubbed substantially free of bromine by passage through these at least two scrubbers, each of which contains a different specified type of scrubbing liquid. In one embodiment the liquid alkylaromatic hydrocarbon comprises 1,2-diphenylethane.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for obtaining higher alcohols from lower alcohols with a catalyst that is a metal oxide comprising gallium and a noble metal selected from the list containing Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh and Re.

Abstract: A method for recycling carbon dioxide from biomass gasification. The method includes: 1) employing carbon dioxide as a gasifying agent, allowing the carbon dioxide to gasify biomass to yield syngas; 2) cooling the syngas; 3) introduced cooled syngas to a cyclone separator and a gas scrubber for dust removal and purification; 4) allowing purified syngas in 3) to react with the vapor to modify a ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide of the syngas; 5) desulfurizing modified syngas to remove H2S and COS therein; 6) decarburizing desulfurized syngas to separate carbon dioxide therein; 7) introducing desulfurized and decarburized syngas to a synthesizing tower to yield oil products and exhaust gas including carbon dioxide; 8) decarburizing the exhaust gas including carbon dioxide and separating the carbon dioxide; and 9) introducing the carbon dioxide separated in 6) and 8) to 1) as the gasifying agent for gasification.

Abstract: Prostacyclin compounds and compositions comprising the same are provided herein. Specifically, prostacyclin compounds comprising treprostinil covalently linked to a linear C5-C18 alkyl, branched C5-C18 alkyl, linear C2-C18 alkenyl, branched C3-C18 alkenyl, aryl, aryl-C1-C18 alkyl or an amino acid or a peptide (e.g., dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide) are described. The linkage, in one embodiment, is via a carbamate, amide or ester bond. Prostacyclin compounds provided herein can also include at least one hydrogen atom substituted with at least one deuterium atom. Methods for treating pulmonary hypertension (e.g., pulmonary arterial hypertension) and portopulmonary hypertension are also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for starting up a gas-to-liquid process including the production of synthesis gas and a downstream GTL process. The synthesis gas is produced by the use of autothermal reforming (ATR) or catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) and during the starting period the effluent gas from the ATR or CPO is significantly changed to form an off-gas recycle which is fed to the ATR or CPO. When the downstream GTL process is running, the recycle to ATR or CPO is shifted to its off-gas.

Abstract: A method for preparing at least one ester of levulinic acid from a biomass includes steps of impregnating the biomass by an organic or inorganic acid, and putting the acidified biomass in contact with a supercritical fluid including at least one olefin.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing nitroalkanes by reaction of at least one alkane with at least one nitrating agent in the gas phase, wherein the nitration is carried out in a microstructured reaction zone having parallel channels having hydraulic diameters of less than 2.5 mm and a total specific internal surface area of more than 1600 m2/m3 and the alkane and the nitrating agent are conveyed under a pressure of from 1 bar to 20 bar through the reaction zone and reacted at a temperature of from 150° C. to 650° C. and the reaction products are cooled downstream of the reaction zone and discharged and the at least one nitrating agent is introduced over from two to ten introduction points along the reaction zone.

Abstract: In a process for the preparation of methanolin parallel reactors, comprising the steps of (a) reacting carbon oxides and hydrogen in the presence of a methanol catalyst in a first methanol reactor to obtain a first methanol-containing effluent, (b) introducing and reacting unconverted synthesis gas in a second methanol reactor in the presence of a methanol catalyst to obtain a second methanol-containing effluent, the first methanol reactor and the second methanol reactor being connected in parallel, (c) combining the first and second effluent, and (d) cooling and separating the combined and cooled effluent into a methanol-containing liquid phase and unconverted synthesis gas, the methanol catalyst in the first methanol reactor is indirectly cooled by boiling water and the methanol catalyst in the second methanol reactor is either directly or indirectly cooled by the unconverted synthesis gas prior to conversion into the second effluent.

Abstract: Disclosed is an HFO-1234ze preparation process. The present invention is realized by loading two fluorination catalysts into the same reactor, and controlling the temperature in each section. The preparation process of the present invention is of moderate reaction condition, stable catalyst activity, and simple process.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus for converting carbon dioxide CO2 into carbon monoxide CO using hydrocarbons are described. In further embodiments, processes and apparatuses for generating synthesis gas and processes and apparatuses for converting synthesis gas into synthetic functionalized and/or non-functionalized hydrocarbons using CO2 and hydrocarbons are described. The processes and apparatuses are adapted to convert CO2 emitted by industrial processes, and thus the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere may be reduced.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for producing a fluoroolefin comprising reacting, in a vapor phase, a fluorinating agent and a chlorine-containing alkene or a chlorine-containing alkane in the presence of at least one catalyst selected from the group consisting of chromium oxide containing a Group 5 element and fluorinated chromium oxide containing a Group 5 element. According to the process of the present invention, the target fluoroolefin can be obtained with high starting material conversion and good selectivity.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing 1,3-butadiene and/or 3-buten-2-ol from 2,3-butanediol with high selectivity without using a radioactive substance. The method for producing 1,3-butadiene and/or 3-buten-2-ol comprises the step of dehydrating 2,3-butanediol in the presence of scandium oxide. The method enables the production of 1,3-butadiene and/or 3-buten-2-ol from 2,3-butanediol with high selectivity without using a radioactive substance.

Abstract: A method of starting up one or more units, the method comprising the steps of: (a) starting up a first unit including a microchannel reactor housing a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst by initially feeding a carbon monoxide source and a hydrogen source to the first unit and through the microchannel reactor; (b) processing, within the microchannel reactor, at least a portion of the carbon monoxide source and the hydrogen source; (c) monitoring at least one of internal pressure, temperature, and concentration at least one of within the microchannel reactor and downstream from the microchannel reactor; (d) at least partially containing the microchannel reactor using a wall of a containment device, the wall cooperating with the microchannel reactor to delineate at least one of a first inlet cavity and a first outlet cavity of the microchannel reactor, where at least one of the first inlet cavity and the first outlet cavity is not in fluid communication with at least one of a second inlet cavity and a second outlet cavity;

Abstract: A process for converting a reactant composition comprising H2 and CO to a product comprising at least one aliphatic hydrocarbon having at least about 5 carbon atoms comprises: flowing the reactant composition through a microchannel reactor in contact with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to convert the reactant composition to the product, the microchannel reactor comprising a plurality of process microchannels containing the catalyst; transferring heat from the process microchannels to a heat exchanger; and removing the product from the microchannel reactor; the process producing at least about 0.5 gram of aliphatic hydrocarbon having at least about 5 carbon atoms per gram of catalyst per hour; the selectivity to methane in the product being less than about 25%. A supported catalyst comprises Co, and a microchannel reactor comprises at least one process microchannel and at least one adjacent heat exchange zone.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a protected reduced supported metal catalyst powder, in particular catalysts used in a variety of chemical reactions, such as the hydrogenation of hydrocarbon compounds in petrochemical and oleochemical processes; the hydrogenation of unsaturated fats and oils, and unsaturated hydrocarbon resins; and in the Fischer Tropsch process. This invention also relates to a composition comprising said catalyst and a liquid. In accordance with the invention there is provided a process for preparing a protected, reduced metal catalyst on a support, wherein said supported catalyst is in the form of a powder, which process comprises contacting and mixing said supported catalyst with a liquid in an inert atmosphere and wherein the amount of liquid corresponds to up to five times the amount required for incipient wetness.

Abstract: The present process relates to a process comprising: contacting a mixture comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and at least one halogenated ethylene impurity with at least one adsorbent or at least one chemisorption catalyst to reduce the concentration of said at least one halogenated ethylene impurity.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing hexafluoro-2-butyne comprising, reacting HCFC-336 with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide in the presence of a quaternary alkylammonium salt which comprises at least one alkyl group of at least 8 carbons, and recovering the hexafluoro-2-butyne, wherein the conversion of dichloro-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane is at least 50% per hour. Also disclosed is a process for producing hexafluoro-2-butyne comprising, reacting HCFC-336 with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide in the presence of a quaternary alkylammonium salt having alkyl groups of from four to ten carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant, and recovering the hexafluoro-2-butyne, and wherein the conversion of dichloro-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane to hexafluoro-2-butyne is at least 20% per hour.