Abstract: This optical record reproducing apparatus automatically controls the light amount of a reproducing light source and comprises a switching device switching on/off the control of a reproducing light source driving electric current by an automatic light amount controlling device to prevent the fluctuation of the emitted light amount of the reproducing light source during the operation of reading the data out of an optical recording medium and switching off the control of the reproducing light source driving electric current at least during an operation of reading out the information recorded in the optical recording medium and a holding device holding the light source driving electric current just before switching off the control of the reproducing light source driving electric current by the automatic light amount controlling device by this switching device.

Abstract: An inner vessel having a truncated triangular volume is spaced from an outer housing of similar shape to form a chamber therebetween. A thermally conductive strap is connected at one end to the vessel at its other end to a cold finger tube extending into the chamber. The vessel contains liquid nitrogen and is secured in spaced relationship from the outer housing by a fiberglass liquid nitrogen fill tube. An electronic assembly for processing signals generated by the detector cooled by the cold finger are aligned with the cold finger external the dewar housing. The dewar accommodates entry port angles between zero and 60.degree. for different microscopes without physical interference with the microscope housing and attachments.

Abstract: An optical information recording/reproducing apparatus provided with a device for irradiating an information track of an optical information recording medium with a preheating light beam. Simultaneously, a recording/reproducing light beam irradiates a light spot of the preheating light beam on the recording medium. The light intensity of the preheating light beam is varied in accordance with the environmental temperature of the apparatus detected by a detector. By such a construction, the recording/reproducing condition of information is kept constant, irrespective of the environmental temperature.

Abstract: An electron beam imaging system (10) includes a photoemitter plate (12). An optical image beam (15) is directed through a pattern mask (18), which is imaged onto the photoemitter (12). The photoemitter (12) emits electrons from those unmasked regions illuminated by the optical image beam, emitting an extended-source electron beam that carries the mask image. The extended-source electron beam is focused (34) onto a device under fabrication (40), providing a single-stage electron lithographic patterning function. The optical source (16) is chosen so that optical image beam energy is nearly identical to the work function for the photoemissive coating (14) of the photoemitter (12). As a result, the photoemitter (12) emits electrons with substantially zero kinetic energy, allowing the emitted electrons to be accelerated through the electron beam focusing elements (34) with very nearly identical electron velocities, thereby minimizing chromatic aberrations.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the concentration of a gas in a vacuum chamber is described. Internal to the vacuum chamber are one or more cathodes. The chamber is fed via a gas inlet and is connected to a separate measurement chamber for accommodating a measuring device via a connecting line between the two chambers. The connecting line in conjunction with a pumping means produces a pressure gradient between the interior of the vacuum chamber and the interior of the measurement chamber. One end of the connecting line, located within the vacuum chamber terminates directly in the central region of a cathode surfaces facing the interior of the chamber, and the length, as well as the cross section of the connecting line being dimensioned so that the pressure gradient between the interior of the vacuum chamber and the interior of the measurement chamber, is precisely that required for measurement.

Abstract: An electron beam writing system is used in variable shaping and cell projection methods to produce LSI and reticles. In the cell projection method, the beam is deflected to define a writing position. In the time it takes to define the writing position, an operation of forming the beam is concluded, which operation includes the deflection of the beam to select a cell graphic, re-deflection for correcting the origin position of the written graphic, astigmatism correction of the written graphic, and focus correction for reducing the Coulomb effect. An electrostatic deflector is used as the deflector for the cell graphic selection. The arrangement of graphics includes a square aperture centrally located with a group of cell projection apertures positioned adjacent two sides of the square aperture.

Abstract: Quantum objects, such as atoms, ions, and molecules, are controllably moved by stimulating selected non-radiative energy levels within a quantum structure in accordance with the principles of stimulated Raman transitions. The movement is effected by timed excitation of individual quantum objects with preselected quantities ("pulses") of electromagnetic energy of at least two different frequencies which together are in resonance with a natural resonance (i.e., a stimulated Raman transition) of preferably metastable energy levels within the quantum object to cause a controlled change in momentum of the quantum object. Specific embodiments employ amplitude modulated collinear beams or multiple beams along different beam paths or collinear beams which are phase coherent but from independent laser sources.

Abstract: The invention concerns apparatus for monitoring optical fibers by detecting variations in the polarization of light being transmitted through the fibers. In one embodiment the optical fibre carries non-coherent light and the incoming light is split by a passive splitter (2) connected to a polarization beam splitter (5). Variations in the output of this polarization beam splitter are detected, amplified and filtered so that they can be compared with a preset reference voltage. A counter (12) is used to detect variations. Another embodiment relates to the detection of polarization variations in coherent systems.

Abstract: A charged particle beam apparatus includes a charged particle beam generating system for causing a charged particle source to generate a charged particle beam. A focusing system focuses the charged particle beam onto a sample. A deflecting system causes the focused charged particle beam to scan the surface of the sample. An evacuating system evacuates a space through which the charged particle beam passes. A detector detects information obtained by irradiating the charged particle beam onto the sample. An image display system displays as an image the status of distribution of the information over the sample surface based on a detection signal forwarded from the detector. The focusing system is entirely constituted by an electrostatic lens containing a plurality of lens electrodes, one of the lens electrodes being a final electrode located closest to the sample.

Abstract: Apparatus for treating a fluid by irradiating a thin film of the fluid with high intensity, concentrated light. The irradiation affects chemical physical or biological activity changes in the fluid.

Abstract: The capability of an existing AMS system is expanded to provide capability for identification of .sup.36 Cl atoms to the exclusion of .sup.36 S atoms by adding to such a system a booster accelerator having an ionization detector in its high-voltage terminal capable of measuring dE/dx as a function of penetration depth. The voltage of the direct-voltage accelerators employed need not exceed voltages of the order of 3 million volts, even though the ions detected have energies in excess of 36 million electron volts.

Abstract: An optical recording/reproducing apparatus comprises a semiconductor laser, and a drive circuit for supplying a drive current to the semiconductor laser. A light beam from the semiconductor laser is converged on a recording medium through an objective lens. A photodiode for receiving the light beam is provided within the semiconductor laser. A monitor output from the photodiode is input to an APC circuit. The APC circuit includes a reference value generator and an error detector circuit. The error detector circuit detects a difference between the monitor output and a reference value, and outputs a control signal for controlling the drive circuit so as to keep the monitor output constant. The APC circuit is turned on/off by a controller. With the APC circuit turned on, the controller detects the temperature or temperature variance of the on the basis of the drive current monitor signal from the drive circuit and the pre-stored data of the semiconductor laser with respect to temperatures.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an easily installable, repeatedly removable self-contained mass storage device for use in a computer having a computer housing and an externally-accessible accessory aperture on the computer housing in which accessory aperture are located a plurality of multisignal bus receptacles and a corresponding plurality of card slots on either side of each receptacle. The self-contained mass storage device is comprised of a substantially enclosed housing in which a controller card and a hard drive are installed. The housing carries one pair of slide edges for slidably engaging one of the card slots and the edges of the controller card are exposed outside of the housing for slidably engaging another one of the card slots. Electrical connectors on the controller card are also exposed outside of the housing for making electrical connection with the receptacle in which the controller card is located.

Abstract: This invention relates to a technique for obtaining a desired laser power. In write mode the laser power in an optical disk drive is determined in accordance with a DAC value which controls a power supply for the laser, but the correlation between the laser power and the DAC value significantly varies depending on the efficiency of the individual laser diode or laser oscillator. Because the laser power in read mode has been adjusted to a predetermined value during manufacturing, the DAC value which generates the same laser power as the reading laser power is known and is used to generate the desired laser power, such as the writing laser power.

Abstract: A side-entry specimen holder for use with a transmission electron microscope. The holder comprises a specimen-holding plate and an insertion rod. The holding plate is provided with a hole permitting passage of the electron beam produced inside the microscope. Either a specimen or a piece of mesh on which a specimen is placed is held inside the hole. An engaging hole is formed at one end of the holding plate. The insertion rod has a pin at its front end. The pin is engaged in the engaging hole to detachably hold the holding plate. Thus, the insertion rod is coupled to the holding plate.

Abstract: A trace gas detector including in a closed gas loop, two baffle cells with an intermediate trace gas filter, each baffle cell consists of an ionization source, a labyrinth-like recombination zone and a collector electrode. A differential circuit derives a differential signal from output signals of the two baffle cells, the differential signal depending only on the trace gas concentration. Temperature changes and supply voltage changes are compensated by means of the differential circuit.

Abstract: A self-supporting radiation shield includes a radiation protective sheet; and a skeletal frame for supporting the radiation protective sheet, the skeletal frame including a lower frame member including a semi-elliptical tubular base member mounted on casters and three vertically oriented outer telescoping members extending upwardly therefrom, an upper frame member including a semi-elliptical tubular chest member and three vertically oriented inner telescoping members telescopically received within the outer telescoping members for vertical adjustment therewith, and two arm hooks extending forwardly in an upwardly inclined manner from the free ends of the tubular chest member to permit arms of the user to extend in front of the shield while protecting the front and side portions of the body of the user, and a locking assembly for releasably locking the inner telescoping members at a desired vertical position with respect to the outer telescoping members, the radiation protective sheet being connected to the up

Abstract: An apparatus for forming a predetermined circuit pattern on a circuit substrate by using a .mu.-STM write head, the .mu.-STM write head comprising a write head substrate having a flat surface, a plurality of micro chip electrodes formed upright on the flat surface of the write head substrate and constituting a .mu.-STM, a level of a distal end of each of the chip electrodes being set to be constant, and scanning means for scanning the micro chip electrodes on the circuit substrate by moving the micro chip electrodes and the circuit substrate relative to each other in two-dimensional directions.

Abstract: A cooling means is provided for components situated in a vacuum chamber for function testing with focused electron or ion beams. In traditional arrangements, cooling is accomplished with a liquid-cooled metal block that is mounted in the vacuum chamber between the component and an opto-electronic column that generates the electron beam. Coolant is conducted toward the outside of the vacuum chamber via hoses. What is disadvantageous with this solution is the necessity of introducing flow-traversed tubes into the vacuum chamber. Moreover, this solution cannot be realized for components in TAB mounting. In order to avoid these disadvantages, a heat sink is introduced into the vacuum chamber via a sealed opening situated at an upper side of the vacuum chamber. This heat sink is directly contacted to a back side of the component.

Abstract: An ultraviolet liquid purification system includes a purification chamber having banks of ultraviolet lamps distributed therein for applying germicidal ultraviolet radiation to the liquid flowing through in said chamber. Ultraviolet photocell detectors are located in said chamber to detect the level of ultraviolet radiation transmitted through the quartz jacket housing the ultraviolet lamps and through the liquid being purified. Indicator means produce an alarm signal when the total ultraviolet radiation transmitted through the liquid drops below a preselected level. In addition, a light conducting fiber is provided for each ultraviolet lamp having its input endface located at the ultraviolet lamp and its output endface at a display panel whereby identification of a particular ultraviolet lamp that has failed may be easily detected. Photocell detector means are provided to detect the light output at the output endface of the light conductor fiber and to produce an alarm signal when said light output fails.