Abstract: Gas cells and systems for absorption spectroscopy, and methods thereof. The method involves providing a channel with an inlet for receiving a gas sample and an outlet for releasing the gas sample from the gas cell; providing first and second end components with an optically transparent portion, each of the end components is configured to minimize a difference between a temperature of the optically transparent portions and an internal temperature of the channel; mounting the first end component the channel so that the optically transparent portion is positioned for receiving an incident beam into the channel; and mounting the second end component to the channel opposite from the first end component so that the optically transparent portion is positioned for permitting optical transmission into and out of the channel.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an optical device that determines the central coordinates of a large-diameter cylindrical structure. The optical device has the function of calculating the central coordinates of a cylindrical structure using the coordinates of a reference point of the optical device, the coordinates of a survey point on the cylindrical structure seen on the optical axis of a telescope in a state where one of right and left reference marks (e.g., a vertical line) coincides with the edge of the cylindrical structure and the optical axis is positioned on the surface of the cylindrical structure, and an aperture angle between the optical axis and the reference mark.

Abstract: A method and a device allow optical properties of a sample to be estimated. The method includes the illumination of the sample by a first light source, and the formation of an image of the sample thus illuminated, on the basis of which a first optical property is estimated, at various points on a surface of the sample. The method also includes measuring an auxiliary optical property of the sample and estimating the first optical property, taking account of the auxiliary optical property measured on the sample.

Abstract: An Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) tests an optical fiber by generating, transmitting, and receiving light signals from an optical fiber. The OTDR generates light signals having different characteristics and stitches these light signals into an OTDR trace. Backscatter and properties such as dynamic range effect the quality of the OTDR trace.

Abstract: One embodiment is directed towards a resonator fiber optic gyroscope (RFOG) including a resonator, one or more light sources coupled to the resonator, and resonance tracking electronics coupled to the resonator. The one or more light sources are configured to produce at least two light beams for input into the fiber coil, the at least two light beams including a first light beam at a first frequency and a second light beam at a second frequency, the first and second frequencies locked to nearby resonance modes of the resonator. The resonance tracking electronics are configured to process output light from the resonator and generate a signal therefrom, the signal indicative of a rotation rate of the resonator. The fiber coil has approximately zero total accumulated chromatic dispersion at the first frequency and the second frequency of the first light beam and the second light beam.

Abstract: An apparatus for an optical in-situ gas analysis includes a housing; a measuring lance whose one first end is connected to the housing and whose other second end projects into the gas to be measured; a light transmitter that is arranged in the housing and whose light is conducted into the measuring lance and is reflected by a reflector arranged at the second end onto a light receiver, and the optical path defines an optical measurement path within the measuring lance; a gas-permeable filter that is held in the measuring lance and in whose interior the measurement path is located: and an evaluation device for evaluating received light signals of the light receiver. It is proposed to be able to reduce the consumption of test gas that the measuring lance has coaxially arranged inner and outer pipes and the outer pipe has openings for the gas to be measured.

Abstract: An initial system and a constraint condition are established. All freeform surfaces are obtained by surface fitting the feature data points to form a first freeform surface imaging optical system. The first freeform surface imaging optical system is taken as the initial system for multiple iterations to obtain a second freeform surface imaging optical system. The second freeform surface imaging optical system is taken as a first base system. A first surface freedom of the first base system is selected, the values nearby the first surface freedom is selected, and surface positions and tilts of the first base system are changed to obtain a third freeform surface imaging optical system that satisfies the constraint condition. A second base system is selected and the method above is repeated. The freeform surface imaging optical system is obtained until all freedoms for surface positions and tilts have been used.

Abstract: A flow cytometer includes a flow nozzle, a light source, an optics system, and a sensor analyzer. The flow nozzle provides a fluid along a flow path. The light source generates a light beam that illuminates the fluid. The optics system collects light rays that are radiated from the light beam by the fluid and passes or blocks the light rays based at least in part on the radiation angles associated with the light rays.

Abstract: A multi-analyte sensor system based on hollow core photonic bandgap fiber and Raman anti-Stokes spectroscopy. The system includes: i) an inlet to introduce an analyte sample into an analyzer chamber which analyzer includes; ii) a measurement system to derive the anti-Stokes spectral peaks and/or spectra of the sample; iii) a set of reference calibrants corresponding to the analytes of which the sample is primarily comprised; iv) a second inlet to introduce said calibrants into the analyzer chamber; v) a second measurement system to derive the anti-Stokes spectral peaks and/or spectra of the calibrants vi) an outlet through which the sample and calibrants are expelled from the analyzer chamber.

Abstract: An image processing sensor includes a threshold calculating unit configured to calculate a threshold with respect to a matching degree indicating a degree of feature matching of a first image including an inspection target object that should be distinguished as a non-defective product and a second image not including the inspection target object that should be distinguished as the non-defective product and a display control unit configured to cause a display unit to display the first image and the second image as images used for the calculation of the threshold by the threshold calculating unit. The display control unit causes the display unit to display, on a first registration screen, as a live image, the one image acquired by the imaging unit, and causes the display unit to display, on a second registration screen, as the live image, the other image acquired by the imaging unit and, as a still image, the already registered one image.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a polarized vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer resin film that can significantly reduce, when used as an optical film, the deterioration of the quality of video or still images formed by display elements. The present invention provides a polarized vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer resin film having 2,000 or fewer spot defects per m2, the number of spot defects being measured by a defect measurement method; the method using an surface inspection system in which a CCD camera is placed so as to detect defects at an angle of 45 degrees relative to an LED source, defects of the film are read within a rectangular range of 300 mm in a width direction (the direction perpendicular to the scanning direction), and 150 mm in a machine direction (the scanning direction), while the film is scanned under the camera at a rate of 20 m/min; wherein first, defects having a bright area of 1.5 mm2 or less and a dark area of 1.

Abstract: A refractometer assembly comprises a waveguide plate, a diagnostic light source, a photodetector, and a light absorption plate. The diagnostic light source and the photodetector are optically coupled to the waveguide plate such that at least a portion of light emitted from the diagnostic light source is subject to internal reflection at a diagnostic surface of the waveguide plate prior to reaching the photodetector when an analyte film of unknown refractive index n0 forms an optical interface with the diagnostic surface of the waveguide plate. The light absorption plate is configured to absorb light reaching the light absorption plate without undergoing internal reflection at the diagnostic surface when the analyte film forms an optical interface with the diagnostic surface of the waveguide plate. The refractometer assembly defines an optical system where variations in the unknown refractive index n0 are related to variations in a detection signal generated by the photodetector.

Abstract: A system and method of dynamically localizing a measurement of parameter characterizing tissue sample with waves produced by spectrometric system at multiple wavelengths and detected at a fixed location of the detector of the system. The parameter is calculated based on impulse response of the sample, reference data representing characteristics of material components of the sample, and path lengths through the sample corresponding to different wavelengths. Dynamic localization is effectuated by considering different portions of a curve representing the determined parameter, and provides for the formation of a spatial map of distribution of the parameter across the sample. Additional measurement of impulse response at multiple detectors facilitates determination of change of the measured parameter across the sample as a function of time.

Abstract: To provide a shape measuring device capable of measuring a surface shape of a measuring object at high speed and with high accuracy in a wide measurement range while configuring the shape measuring device compact. A movable section 141 and a balancing section 142 are supported by a supporting section 125 and reciprocatingly moved by a driving unit 150 with respect to the supporting section 125 in opposite directions each other.

Abstract: Systems, tools, and methods are presented for processing a plurality of spectral ranges from an electromagnetic radiation that has been interacted with a fluid. Each spectral range within the plurality corresponds to a property of the fluid or a constituent therein. In one instance, a series of spectral analyzers, each including an integrated computational element coupled to an optical transducer, forms a monolithic structure to receive interacted electromagnetic radiation from the fluid. Each spectral analyzer is configured to process one of the plurality of spectral ranges. The series is ordered so spectral ranges are processed progressively from shortest wavelengths to longest wavelengths as interacted electromagnetic radiation propagates therethrough. Other systems, tools, and methods are presented.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for the optical in-situ gas analysis that comprises a housing; a measuring lance whose one, first end is connected to the housing and whose other, second end projects into the gas to be measured; a light transmitter arranged in the housing whose light is conducted into the measuring lance and is reflected onto a light receiver by a reflector arranged at the second end, wherein the optical path defines an optical measurement path within the measuring lance; a gas-permeable filter through which the gas to be measured moves into the measurement path; and an evaluation device for evaluating received light signals of the light receiver. To provide an improved apparatus with which the problem of the condensate formation can be counteracted better, provision is made that the measuring lance has an agitation apparatus for agitating the gas in the measuring lance.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and to devices for generating multispectral illuminating light having an addressable spectrum, for adaptive multispectral imaging and for capturing structural and/or topographical information of an object or of the distance to an object. The illuminating device comprises a multispectral light source and a modulator for temporal modulation of the individual spectral components of the multispectral light source having modulation frequencies. The multispectral light source comprises at least one light source having a continuous, quasi-continuous, or frequency comb spectrum and wavelength-dispersive means, or an assembly or array of monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic light sources having emission wavelengths or emission wavelength bands which are different from one another in each case.

Abstract: The spectrometer includes a spectrometer body; a shield including a layer on an exterior of the spectrometer body to prevent light from entering and escaping through an area other than a contact surface between the spectrometer body and an object; an internal light source placed within the shield and configured to emit light to the object; a spectroscope mounted in the spectrometer body and configured to allow the light that passes therethrough to be casted into a spectrum; a detector configured to have one surface that is in full contact with the spectroscope and to detect external light entering from outside of the shield; and a processor configured to, in response to the detector detecting the external light, perform a certain processing.

Abstract: A method of determining a property of a heterogeneous medium in motion comprising at least two phases is provided. A light beam is made small in relation to a part of the medium for which a property is to be determined and the bandwidth of the measurement signal is sufficiently high for distinguishing time periods for the measurement signal which are related to the part of the medium for which a property is to be determined. By using the measurement signal for determining the property of the part of the medium for which a property is to be determined for time periods for the measurement signal which are related to that part of the medium, and determining the property by a mathematical calculation using the measurement signal corresponding to that part of the medium, the properties of individual parts of the medium can be determined.

Abstract: A particle characterization apparatus is disclosed comprising: a light source; a sample cell; a collecting lens and a detector. The light source is operable to illuminate a sample comprising dispersed particles within the sample cell with a light beam along a light beam axis. The light beam axis passes through a first wall of the sample cell, through the sample, and through a second wall of the sample cell, so as to produce scattered light by interactions with the sample. The detector is configured to detect light scattered from the sample. The second wall of the sample cell comprises a lens with a convex external surface through which the light beam axis passes. The collecting lens is arranged to collect and focus scattered light leaving the sample cell onto the detector, and comprises an aspheric surface.