Abstract: Described herein are a low-cost, non-destructive, and contact-free intelligent inspection system that is field-deployable on a geometry car, high-rail vehicle, or other types of track inspection platforms to identify broken railway/railroad spikes in real-time.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device (1) for the chromatic confocal measurement of a local height and/or orientation of a surface (S) of a sample comprising—a light source (2) configured to generate a polychromatic light beam (9)—a projection lens (4) comprising a lens (4) with axial chromatism configured to apply the light beam (9) to the surface (S) of the sample, —an optical sensor, configured to receive a light beam (9) reflected by the surface (S) of the sample and measure a total energy of the reflected light beam (9) received during an integration interval, —a scanning system (10), coupled to the projection lens (4) and configured to move the propagation axis of the light beam (9) relative to the projection lens (4), such that the total energy measured by the optical sensor corresponds to a dynamic spatial average of the total energy of the light beam (9) reflected by the surface (S) of the sample.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus includes: a flow path device including a first flow path in which first liquid including particles to be measured is flowed, and which includes a measurement region measured with an optical sensor, a second flow path in which second liquid for comparison is flowed, and which includes a comparison region measured with the optical sensor, and a calibration region for calibrating the optical sensor; an arm-like member in which the optical sensor is disposed in a first end, and in which a drive shaft is disposed in a second end; and a rotary drive actuator configured to rotationally drive the arm-like member in a predetermined range, wherein each of the measurement region, the comparison region, and the calibration region is disposed as a region including a position on a circumference along which the optical sensor moves in accordance with a rotary drive of the arm-like member.

Abstract: An optical system that obtains characteristics of a transmission path in atmosphere, when laser light propagates through this transmission path, at a place separated from this transmission path and before the propagation, and corrects wavefront of the laser light based on the obtained characteristics, is provided. The optical system is provided with an irradiation device and an atmospheric characteristics obtaining system. The irradiation device irradiates an external target with light via a first optical path. The atmospheric characteristics obtaining system is arranged in a second optical path separated from the first optical path and obtains characteristics of atmospheric environment in the first optical path with respect to the irradiated light. The irradiation device is provided with wavefront correction optics. The wavefront correction optics correct wavefront of the irradiated light based on the obtained characteristics.

Abstract: A particle concentration measurement system includes a first window and a second window in a housing. The first window and the second window respectively define a first end and a second end of an interaction region between the first window and the second window. The system also includes a particle-laden gas inlet through a wall of the housing between the first window and the second window. The particle-laden gas inlet introduces particle-laden gas from an environment that includes particles mixed with other materials into the interaction region. A first set of clean gas inlets through the wall of the housing are at different radial positions of the housing and at a first axial location of the housing, and a second set of clean gas inlets through the wall of the housing are at different radial positions of the housing and at a second axial location of the housing.

Abstract: In a surface measurement method, a measurement surface is irradiated with a coherent light beam, reflected light reflected from the measurement surface is projected to a screen to form an optical image; and the optical image is captured by an optical sensor when the screen is continuously moved in one direction when the optical image is captured by the optical sensor.

Abstract: A method for determining relative degrees of reflectance of a measurement surface, having the method steps of applying measurement radiation to the measurement surface, such that a measurement spot is produced on the management surface, moving the measurement spot along at least a first straight measurement spot path, over the measurement surface in accordance with a first path movement and along a second straight measurement spot path with a second path movement, recording a first and second image sets of a plurality of locally resolved images of the measurement surface during the first path movement and the second path movement. An evaluation is carried out at intersection points, whose location points on the management surface are defined by evaluation lines, wherein a first group of straight evaluation lines within the first measurement path region and a second group of straight evaluation lines within the second measurement path region are predefined and/or determined.

Abstract: A particulate matter (PM) sensor comprises a substrate forming a cavity (5), the substrate comprising a semiconductor chip (4), and a light source (1) arranged in the cavity (5). The light source (1) is adapted to emit a light beam (7). The light beam (7) forms a detection volume (8) for particulate matter (9) outside the cavity (5). Optionally, the particulate matter sensor comprises an optical element (2) delimiting the cavity (5) at one end. The optical element (2) is configured to shape the light beam (7). Further, the particulate matter sensor comprises at least one photodetector (3) that is integrated into a surface of the semiconductor chip (4). The surface into which the at least one photodetector (3) is integrated faces the detection volume (8). The at least one photodetector (3) is adapted to detect light (10) scattered by particulate matter (9) in the detection volume (8).

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and devices for simultaneously detecting surface shapes and thickness distribution of inner and outer walls of a thin-walled rotating body. According to the invention, a chromatic confocal senor head is driven by a bottom rotary table, a main measuring head rotary table and a linear motion shaft mover to perform copy scanning along a surface of a thin-walled shell-type rotating body, so that the detection of the surface shapes and thickness distribution of the inner and outer walls of the thin-walled shell-type rotating body can be realized at the same time. By the method, mechanical interference caused by arranging a measuring head in the thin-walled shell-type rotating body can be avoided, and coordinate consistency of surface shape measurement data and thickness distribution data of the inner and outer walls in a three-dimensional space can be ensured, thus ensuring the overall measurement precision; and meanwhile.

Abstract: A particle sensor for detecting particles in a flow of a measuring gas for detecting soot particles in an exhaust gas channel of a burner or of an internal combustion engine. The particle sensor includes a device for generating or for supplying laser light, a device for focusing laser light, and a device for detecting or transferring thermal radiation. The particle sensor includes at least one optical access, which separates an area exposed to the measuring gas from an area facing away from the measuring gas not exposed to the measuring gas, the device for generating or supplying laser light and/or the device for detecting or for transferring thermal radiation being situated in the area facing away from the measuring gas, wherein the particle sensor removes a sub-flow from the measuring gas flow and supplies it to the laser focus and further fluidically shields the optical access from the sub-flow.

Abstract: A system comprises an optical air data system that measures aerosol and molecular scattering of light, and an optical instrument that measures aerosol and/or molecular scattering of light. A processor receives data from the air data system and from the optical instrument. The processor performs one or more signal analysis and data fusion methods comprising: (a) determining aerosol and/or molecular concentration from the received data, modifying a data analysis algorithm to optimize any remaining unknown parameters, and outputting enhanced air data parameters; (b) determining aerosol concentration from the received data, dynamically optimizing hardware settings in the air data system to enhance a signal level and avoid system saturation, and outputting enhanced air data parameters; or (c) determining aerosol and/or molecular concentration from the received data, estimating a confidence level of an air data algorithm, verifying optical health of the air data system, and reporting the optical health to a user.

Abstract: A convertible housing assembly for a particle sensor includes an integral housing and at least one guide element. The integral housing includes a longitudinal bore, a first intersecting bore, and a second intersecting the bore. The longitudinal bore extends from a first end surface of the integral housing to a second end surface of the integral housing. The first intersecting bore extends from a bottom surface of the integral housing and intersects with the longitudinal bore. The second intersecting bore extends from the bottom surface of the integral housing and intersects with the longitudinal bore. The at least one guide element is secured within the longitudinal bore to reduce turbulence of a fluid flowing therethrough.

Abstract: An external gas detecting device is provided. The external gas detecting device includes a casing, a gas detection module and an external connector. The gas detection module is disposed in the casing and detects a gas transported into the casing to generate a gas information. The external connector is connected to and disposed on the casing. The external connector is used to be connected to an external power supply so as to enable the gas detection module, and is used to transmit the gas information so as to achieve the outward transmission of the gas information.

Abstract: An illuminator/collector assembly can deliver incident light to a sample and collect return light returning from the sample. A sensor can measure ray intensities as a function of ray position and ray angle for the collected return light. A ray selector can select a first subset of rays from the collected return light at the sensor that meet a first selection criterion. In some examples, the ray selector can aggregate ray intensities into bins, each bin corresponding to rays in the collected return light that traverse within the sample an estimated optical path length within a respective range of optical path lengths. A characterizer can determine a physical property of the sample, such as absorptivity, based on the ray intensities, ray positions, and ray angles for the first subset of rays. Accounting for variations in optical path length traversed within the sample can improve accuracy.

Abstract: A position detector for generating 3D position information of an object in a position determination space for the object. The position detector has a camera with a lens and an image sensor that defines an imaging area with one first light deflecting element arranged in the imaging area as the camera and the at least one light deflecting element are adapted to simultaneously produce on the image sensor at least two images of the position determination space, a first image being produced by light beams deflected at the first light deflecting element, the at least two images differ with respect to the viewing direction of the position determination space.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for generating a recipe for a concrete mixture, comprising: obtaining an optical characterization of a set of particles; determining, based on the optical characterization, physical characteristics of the set of particles; generating a multispherical approximation of the set of particles; selecting, based on the physical characteristics of the set of particles and from a database of performance rules, performance rules applicable to the set of particles; predicting performance of a proposed recipe for a concrete mixture formed from the set of particles by: determining a wet flowability rating of the proposed recipe based on the selected performance rules; and determining a dry packing rating of the proposed recipe based on the multispherical approximation; iteratively altering the proposed recipe and predicting performance of the altered proposed recipe until the predicted performance satisfies performance criteria to obtain a final recipe; and outputting the final recipe.

Abstract: A method of inspection for defects on a substrate, such as a reflective reticle substrate, and associated apparatuses. The method includes performing the inspection using inspection radiation obtained from a high harmonic generation source and having one or more wavelengths within a wavelength range of between 20 nm and 150 nm. Also, a method including performing a coarse inspection using first inspection radiation having one or more first wavelengths within a first wavelength range; and performing a fine inspection using second inspection radiation having one or more second wavelengths within a second wavelength range, the second wavelength range comprising wavelengths shorter than the first wavelength range.

Abstract: A mobile power device capable of detecting gas is disclosed and includes a main body, a gas detection module, a driving and controlling board, a power module and a microprocessor. The main body includes a ventilation opening, a connection port and an accommodation chamber. The ventilation opening is in communication with the accommodation chamber. The gas detection module and the driving and controlling board are disposed within the accommodation chamber. The gas detection module, the power module and the microprocessor are fixed on and electrically connected to the driving and controlling board. The power module is capable of storing an electric energy and outputting the electric energy outwardly. The microprocessor enables the gas detection module to detect and operate. The microprocessor converts the detection information of the gas detection module into a detection data, which is stored and transmitted to the mobile device or an external device.

Abstract: A method for aligning sequences of droplets in streams of an emulsion comprising target droplets and tag droplets, a tag droplet comprising first and second tags. A target droplet is split into first and second target droplets and a tag droplet is split into first and second tag droplets. Each of the first and second tag droplets comprise the first and second tags. The first target droplet and first tag droplet are in a first stream of droplets, and the second target droplet and second tag droplet are in a second stream of droplets. The method detects the first tag droplets and first target droplets in the first stream and the second tag droplets and second target droplets in the second stream, determines a first sequence of droplets in the first stream and a second sequence of droplets in the second stream, and compares these to align the sequences.

Abstract: An apparatus for dental imaging comprises a light source for generating light, an optics system for focusing the light, and a probe head. The light source, the optics system and the probe head are arranged such that the light passes through the optics system, passes through the probe head, and exits the probe head. The optics system is configured such that chief rays of the light before entering the probe head are divergent to each other, wherein an angle defined by a marginal ray of an outermost beam of the light is complementary to an angle defined by an extreme off-axis chief ray of the light with respect to the optical axis.