Abstract: Improved oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts are prepared by modifying a preformed zinc ferrite oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst with zinc oxide. The resulting catalyst compositions exhibit higher conversions and yields.

Abstract: An improved liquefaction process wherein wall scale and particulate agglomeration during the liquefaction of solid carbonaceous materials containing alkaline earth metal humates is reduced and/or eliminated by subjecting the solid carbonaceous materials to controlled cyclic cavitation during liquefaction. It is important that the solid carbonaceous material be slurried in a suitable solvent or diluent during liquefaction. The cyclic cavitation may be imparted via pressure cycling, cyclic agitation and the like. When pressure cycling or the like is employed an amplitude equivalent to at least 25 psia is required to effectively remove scale from the liquefaction vessel walls.

Abstract: A novel compound cis-6-undecene-1-chloride is prepared by reacting cis-3-octene-1-chloride with metallic magnesium to give a Grignard reagent of the chloride and then reacting the Grignard reagent with 1-bromo-3-chloropropane in the presence of a lithium copper chloride as a catalyst. The inventive compound is a useful intermediate compound for the synthetic preparation of several kinds of so-called sexual pheromone compounds of noxious insects. As an example of such sexual pheromone compounds, the synthetic preparation of cis-9-tetradecenyl acetate is described.

Abstract: In recovering bitumen from tar sand by separation using an aqueous liquid, contamination of the aqueous phase with dispersed, finely divided solids is prevented by a mild heat treatment of the bituminous sand to reduce its water content before the sand is contacted with the aqueous liquid.

Abstract: 3,5-Dichlorocumene is separated from a mixture comprising 3,5-dichlorocumene and 2,4-dichlorocumene by a process comprising contacting the mixture with an isopropyl group acceptor, in the presence of a catalyst comprising:(1) at least one Lewis acid compound, and(2) a proton source.The isopropyl group of 2,4-dichlorocumene is preferentially transferred, as compared to the isopropyl group of 3,5-dichlorocumene, to the acceptor forming a reaction product comprising an acceptor bearing the isopropyl group, 3,5-dichlorocumene and m-dichlorobenzene. 3,5-Dichlorocumene is readily separated from this reaction product by any conventional technique, typically distillation.

Abstract: A compound is chlorinated with chlorine to produce chlorinated product and hydrogen chloride byproduct. Recovered hydrogen chloride byproduct is contacted with oxygen and a molten salt mixture containing the higher and lower valent chlorides of a multivalent metal, such as cuprous and cupric chloride, to effect recovery of the hydrogen chloride by enriching the molten salt content of the higher valent chloride. The molten salt, enriched in higher valent chloride, is then dechlorinated by use of a stripping gas, preferably hydrogen chloride, to produce a gaseous effluent containing stripped chlorine and the stripping gas, which is then recycled to the chlorination step. The presence of stripping gas, as a diluent, improves the chlorination operation.

Abstract: An isomerization between 3,4-dichlorobutene-1 and 1,4-dichlorobutene-2 is carried out in the presence of a catalyst for isomerization as a combination of a copper compound and a dithiocarbamic acid derivative. The dithiocarbamic acid derivative is a compound having the formula ##STR1## wherein R and R' are the same and different and respectively represent a C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkyl group or an aryl group and M represents hydrogen atom or a metal atom or ammonium group and R" represents a C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group such as mercaptobenzothiazole.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel class of organic compounds 1-halo-4-decene as a useful intermediate for the synthesis of cis-6-heneicosen-11-one which is a promising exterminating chemical of the noxious insect Douglas-fir tussock moth in North American forests acting as a sexual pheromone. The synthetic procedures for the synthetic preparation of the above 1-halo-4-decene are also described.

Abstract: Methylchloroform formulations are stable in the presence of zinc when they contain cyclopropyl methyl carbinol in place of an epoxide as a component of the stabilizer.

Abstract: An addition product of a chlorinated methane containing at least 3 chlorine atoms and an ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon is prepared by heating at about 70.degree. to about 250.degree. C. in the presence of a manganese compound in which the manganese has a valence of at least 3 as a radical initiator, and a compound containing a carbonyl group the free ligands of which compounds are at either side linked to a carbon atom, such as an aliphatic ketone.

Abstract: An improved process for production of allyl chloride which comprises (1) thermally chlorinating propylene above 300.degree. C., but below that at which substantial carbon formation is effected, (2) separating the allyl chloride from its by-products, (3) subjecting the unsaturated compounds in said by-products to a low temperature chlorination, (4) separating the 1,2-dichloropropane from the products of said low temperature chlorination, and (5) passing said 1,2-dichloropropane to a cracking furnace. The effluent from the cracking furnace can be recycled to the allyl chloride finishing system by adding it to the high temperature propylene chlorination reactor effluent. Reaction temperatures are optimized to eliminate problems caused by carbon formation in the high temperature chlorination reactor, while overall yields of allyl chloride are increased and effluents which are ecologically and economically undesirable are reduced.

Abstract: Cyclohexenyl and alkenyl aromatic compounds, such as cyclohexene and styrene, are prepared by a process comprising contacting a corresponding cyclohexyl or alkyl aromatic carboxylic acid, such as cyclohexyl carboxylic acid or 2-phenyl propionic acid, with a decarboxylation catalyst of the formulaM.sub.a M'.sub.b O.sub.xwhereM is copper or a combination of copper and molybdenum, andM' is at least one promoter element, such as a Group IA element.

Abstract: Anthranilic acid has been anchored to polystyrene, and rhodium, palladium, platinum and ruthenium complexes of this modified polystyrene have been prepared. These catalysts will reduce a variety of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and also nitrile, nitro and carbonyl functional groups, said carbonyl groups being present in either ketones or aldehydes.

Abstract: In a method for producing a low molecular weight polymer or copolymer by introducing metallic sodium or an organic sodium compound as a polymerization initiator, an alkyl aryl compound as a chain transfer agent, an inert hydrocarbon as a solvent and a conjugated diolefin or both a conjugated diolefin and a vinyl compound having anionic copolymerization activity with diolefins as a monomer or monomers, into a polymerization vessel and polymerizing or copolymerizing therein successively at a temperature of 0.degree. to 100.degree. C., the improvement in the method for producing a low molecular weight polymer or copolymer having a number average molecular weight of 300 to 10,000 with good reproducibility is characterized in that 0.05 to 10 mole % per 1 mole of the said polymerization initiator, of oxygen is fed into said polymerization vessel.

Abstract: 2-Chloro- and 2-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane react with potassium, cesium or rubidium fluoride in aqueous solution at elevated temperature under autogenous pressure to produce 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.

Abstract: 1,2-dichloroethane is made by subjecting ethylene to an oxychlorination reaction with hydrogen chloride and a gas containing molecular oxygen in gas phase, at elevated temperature and in contact with a fluidized bed copper-II-chloride catalyst on a carrier, wherein the reaction gases are cooled under pressure in two condensation stages, condensed 1,2-dichloroethane and water are removed and the bulk of unreacted starting gas and inert gas are recycled. More specifically the reaction gases are delivered to a third condensation stage and cooled therein under pressure down to a temperature within the range 5.degree. to 18.degree. C. and to the extent necessary for the recycle gas to contain 0.5 to 3 volume % of 1,2-dichloroethane. Next, the recycle gas is directly admixed upstream of the reactor, with a quantity of pure oxygen necessary to replace consumed oxygen and re-establish an oxygen content of 12 to 25 volume % therein.

Abstract: Chloroprene is produced by continuous dehydrochlorinating 3,4-dichlorobutene- 1 at 40.degree.-70.degree. C. in two phase liquid mixture of water and alcohol with standing alkali metal hydroxide of not more than 10% by weight in aqueous phase and separating an organic liquid phase containing chloroprene from the resulting mixture.

Abstract: A substantially pure mixture of tetrabromotetrachloroperfluorododecanes of the empirical formula C.sub.12 Br.sub.4 Cl.sub.4 F.sub.18, of which the isomer ##STR1## is a significant part, is prepared by oligomerizing bromotrifluoroethylene in the presence of chlorine and distilling, thereby obtaining a substantially pure mixture of trimers of the empirical formula C.sub.6 Br.sub.3 Cl.sub.2 F.sub.9, of which the isomer ##STR2## is a significant part and reacting the trimer mixture with zinc in the presence of acetic anhydride to form a perhalododecane. The product is especially useful as a gyroscopic flotation fluid because of its stability, homogeneity and density.

Abstract: Ferric iron is removed from chlorinated hydrocarbons having less than 6 carbon atoms per molecule by intimately contacting the latter with an oil that comprises one or more hydrocarbons having at least 6 carbon atoms per molecule. The hydrocarbon oil is present in an amount sufficient to interact with a major portion of the ferric iron. The resulting mixture of the chlorinated hydrocarbon stream and the hydrocarbon oil is heated simultaneously with the intimate contacting, and a precipitate is allowed to form. The chlorinated hydrocarbon stream is then separated from the hydrocarbon oil and from the precipitate, and the precipitate is subsequently separated from the hydrocarbon oil.

Abstract: After quenching the effluent gas from a methanol hydrochlorination reactor to condense most of the water and remove excess HCl, the wet (saturated) methyl chloride is mixed with hydrogen chloride to provide a gas mixture having a methyl chloride:HCl ratio of from about 0.4:1 to about 4:1. This mixture is then contacted with cold (-16.degree. to -21.degree. C.) concentrated (50 to 59%) aqeous hydrochloric acid to remove the water to a low level. Additionally an undesirable by-product, dimethylether, is removed along with the water. Alternatively the wet gas mixture may be cooled to that same temperature by passing over cooling coils, or other convenient means, to remove the water.