Abstract: A method for the liquefaction of coal under coal liquefaction conditions in the presence of manganese nodules in combination with an improved coal liquefaction solvent. Liquid yields are increased when the solvent, containing substantially only polycondensed aromatic systems or components that possess polargraphic reduction potentials equal to or greater than about -2.4 volts, is utilized in the reaction. During the reaction the polycondensed aromatic compounds, in the presence of manganese, are selectively and rapidly hydrogenated leading to increased liquefaction of coal.

Abstract: A fluorometer and method of fluorometry for illuminating an area containing fluorescent material which material fluoresces when excited with light energy at first particular frequencies and for collecting and measuring fluorescent light energy at second particular frequencies produced at the area, including, a light source for producing light energy including light energy at the first particular frequencies and with the light source having a wattage rating of no more than twenty (20) watts, pulsing the light energy at a frequency of approximately at least 10 Hz, filtering the pulsing light energy from the light source to pass substantially only the light energy at the first particular frequencies, directing the filtered pulsing light energy to the area containing fluorescent material, collecting light energy including fluorescent light energy at the second particular frequencies produced at the area and directing the collected light energy away from the area, filtering the collected light energy to pass subst

Abstract: Maximum aluminum X-type zeolite, useful as a water softening detergent builder, is produced by a relatively short term reaction at controlled temperature (on the order of 45.degree.-75.degree. C.) in a caustic meta kaolin reactant mixture.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for improving the separation of a catalyst phase from a gas suspension phase in a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. In a vertical separation embodiment, a cyclone separator inlet is located in the upper portion of a riser conversion zone and draws off gaseous hydrocarbon materials, while catalyst particles continue vertically to the end of the riser conversion zone, and pass through a catalyst conduit to a catalyst storage area. In a horizontal separation embodiment, the catalyst/hydrocarbon mixture is transported horizontally from the end of the riser conversion zone past a cyclone separator inlet towards a catalyst conduit. The cyclone inlet draws off gaseous hydrocarbon materials, while the catalyst particles pass through the catalyst conduit to a catalyst storage area.

Abstract: An improved process for liquefying solid carbonaceous materials wherein the solid carbonaceous material is slurried with a suitable solvent and then subjected to liquefaction at elevated temperature and pressure to produce a normally gaseous product, a normally liquid product and a normally solid product. The normally liquid product is further separated into a naphtha boiling range product, a solvent boiling range product and a vacuum gas-oil boiling range product. At least a portion of the solvent boiling-range product and the vacuum gas-oil boiling range product are then combined and passed to a hydrotreater where the mixture is hydrotreated at relatively severe hydrotreating conditions and the liquid product from the hydrotreater then passed to a catalytic cracker. In the catalytic cracker, the hydrotreater effluent is converted partially to a naphtha boiling range product and to a solvent boiling range product.

Abstract: Method for the production of liquid products, particularly, tar, from organic bulk materials.The invention relates to a method, whereby in an apparatus in one or a multiple of refining stages, organic bulk goods are refined to economically significant base materials, so that they are suitable, either directly or indirectly, for the production of gasifier or diesel fuel.The technical object is to utilize a fluidizing medium, with the help of which it is possible to produce, in a reaction chamber, an increased yield of liquid products, especially tar.According to the invention, the problem is solved by supplying a hydrocarbonaceous gas, especially a gas containing methane and hydrogen, as a fluidizing medium in the individual refining stages, whereby, under the particular refining conditions, there results a decrease of the portion of methane and hydrogen, and a comparative increase of the portion of the liquid product, especially of the portion of tar.

Abstract: A catalyst is prepared by adding a water soluble aliphatic polyhydroxy compound such as a polyhydroxy alcohol or a carbohydrate (e.g., sucrose) to an aqueous solution of chromic acid and subsequently introducing the resulting mixture into a hydrocarbon material. The hydrocarbon-containing mixture is heated in the presence of hydrogen sulfide to convert the chromium catalyst precursor to a solid chromium-containing catalyst. Hydroconversion processes utilizing the catalyst to convert oil, coal, and mixtures thereof are also provided.

Abstract: An improved hydroconversion process for carbonaceous materials wherein an ammonium or hydrocarbyl substituted ammonium salt of a metal-sulfur analog of cubane having an anion with a core structure of M.sub.4 S.sub.4 is used as a catalyst precursor. In the general formula, M may be the same or a different metal having hydrogenation catalytic activity when used as a sulfide and capable of occupying one or more vertices in a cubane structure. The metal may also have the capability of bridging one or more such structures. The improved process is effective for both normally solid and normally liquid carbonaceous materials and for carbonaceous materials which are either solid or liquid at the conversion conditions. The hydroconversion will be accomplished at a temperature within the range from about 500.degree. to about 900.degree. F., at a total pressure within the range from about 500 to about 7000 psig and at a hydrogen partial pressure within the range from about 400 to about 5000 psig.

Abstract: A hand held probe unit has an infrared sensitive thermopile mounted in a metal housing kept at a constant reference temperature by a regulator circuit. A waveguide tube, surrounded by a thermally insulative probe, directs infrared emissions to the thermopile. The thermopile and regulator circuit of the probe unit are electrically connected to processing circuitry in a chopper unit. Prior to taking a patient's temperature, the probe unit is mated with the chopper unit so that the thermopile detects infrared emissions from a reference target which is also kept at a constant reference temperature by another regulator circuit. The processing circuitry repeatedly acquires the output level of the thermopile and stores calibration data. The probe unit is then removed from the chopper unit, the probe is covered with an IR transparent, disposable speculum, and is inserted in the patient's external ear canal.

Abstract: Maximum Aluminum X-type zeolite is prepared in the form of essentially binderless aggregates. In the optimal case, the composition possesses the maximum theoretical zeolite cation content in a wide-pored zeolite as a solid, massive body.

Abstract: Sub-bituminous coal is directly liquefied in two stages by use of a liquefaction solvent containing insoluble material as well as 850.degree. F.+ material and 850.degree. F.- material derived from the second stage, and controlled temperature and conversion in the second stage. The process is in hydrogen balance.

Abstract: Middle distillates are prepared from syngas by a two-stage series-flow process comprising (1) Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over a special Zr, Ti or Cr promoted Co-catalyst followed by (2) hydroconversion of the total synthesized product over a supported noble metal catalyst.

Abstract: A process for reforming a full boiling range naptha feed to enhance benzene yield is disclosed which first separates the feed into a C.sub.6 fraction containing at least 10% by volume of C.sub.7 + hydrocarbons and a C.sub.7 + fraction, then subjecting the C.sub.6 fraction to a catalytic aromatization process and subjecting the C.sub.7 + fraction to a catalytic reforming process, followed by recovering the aromatics produced.

Abstract: Methods for the physical and operational integration of a carbonaceous gasification plan, a gaseous fuel synthesis plant and a power generation station to economincally produce synfuel and electrical power comprising producing gases comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen from carbonaceous raw materials in a gasification unit wherein the gasification unit utilizes exhaust steam from a power generating unit to provide various energy needs for producing synthesis gas, utilizing the hydrogen derived from the gasification unit in the liquefying and hydrogenation of coal or hydrogenation of natural gas in a fuel synthesis unit wherein the heat generated from the exothermic reactions in the fuel synthesis unit is employed to generate high pressure steam which is fed to a power generation unit to drive electrical power producing turbines wherein the exhaust steam from the turbine is used in the gasification unit as a heat source during gasification and collecting of steam condensate from the exhaust steam and recycl

Abstract: A process for improving the upgrading/conversion of hydrocarbonaceous materials such as coals, petroleum residual oils, shale oils and tar sand bitumens. In the process, the free radicals formed from thermal cracking of the hydrocarbons are reacted with the free radicals formed by the thermal cracking of a free radical forming chemical reactant, such as dimethyl ether, to yield stable low molecular weight hydrocarbon distillate products. The hydrocarbonaceous feed material is preheated to a temperature of 600.degree.-700.degree. F. and the hydrocarbon and the free radicals forming chemical, such as dimethyl ether, are passed through a flow reactor at temperature of 750.degree.-900.degree. F., pressure of 200-1000 psi, and liquid hourly space velocity of 0.3 to 5.0 LHSV. Free radicals formed from the hydrocarbon feed material and from the ether material react together in the reactor to produce low molecular weight hydrocarbon liquid materials.

Abstract: Para-ethyltoluene dehydrogenation catalyst compositions and processes for using such catalysts are provided. The catalyst compositions comprise a catalytically active iron compound, e.g., iron oxide; a potassium catalyst promoter, e.g., potassium carbonate; an optional chromium compound stabilizer, e.g., chromic oxide, and a bismuth compound, e.g., bismuth trioxide. Utilization of particular amounts of bismuth compound in dehydrogenation catalyst compositions of this type will provide a catalyst especially suitable for promoting the selective dehydrogenation of para-ethyltoluene to form para-methylstyrene in improved yields.

Abstract: A vapor recovery shroud of relatively small size is positioned in a large diameter catalyst disengaging vessel of a fluid catalytic cracking system so that vapor released directly from the riser reactor pipe must execute a reversal of flow direction to enter the vapor recovery shroud. At the same time catalyst and vapors from the stripper are separated by gravity and inertia in the large diameter separation vessel so that stripper vapors may also vent through the vapor recovery shroud. Vapor is vented from the vapor recovery shroud through cyclone means confined within the disengaging vessel. Preferably, the inlet to the vapor recovery shroud is located adjacent to the riser reactor outlet because this location is the most rarefied in catalyst density and provides the shortest path for hydrocarbon vapors to exit the hot separation vessel and enter a distillation system.

Abstract: A process for the production of antimony-containing metal oxide catalysts, comprising preparing a slurry containing as essential components an antimony component, a polyvalent metal compound, and silica sol, heating and drying the slurry to form a solid product, and then calcining the solid product, wherein the antimony component is a mixture of (A) at least one of antimonic acid, polyantimonic acid and the salts thereof and (B) antimony trioxide, and is prepared by mixing (A) and (B) in such a manner that the antimony provided by the (B) constitutes from 0.1 to 70 atomic % of the total amount of antimony and further in an aqueous slurry state. These antimony-containing metal oxide catalysts have superior activity and physical properties, and further reproducibility in the preparation thereof. Thus they are useful for production of aldehydes and acids through oxidation, nitriles through ammoxidation, and dienes, unsaturated aldehydes and unsaturated acids through oxidative dehydrogenation.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon feedstocks containing relatively high levels of metal contaminants, such as nickel and vanadium, are converted via catalytic cracking into products of lower average molecular weight by contacting the feedstock with a catalyst comprising a (1) porous, inorganic refractory oxide component and (2) a dealuminated Y zeolite having a silica-to-alumina mole ratio above about 6.0. The dealuminated Y zeolite is preferably prepared by contacting an ammonium-exchanged Y zeolite having a silica-to-alumina mole ratio below about 6.0 with an aqueous solution of ammonium hexafluorosilicate. The refractory oxide component will preferably contain alumina and a clay such as kaolin. The catalyst may also contain a nondealuminated Y zeolite, preferably one that has been ion exchanged with rare earth cations. Typically, the hydrocarbon feedstock will contain contaminant metals in sufficient quantities such that their concentration exceeds about 4.0 ppmw Nickel Equivalents.

Abstract: A two-step process is disclosed wherein C.sub.9.sup.+ hydrocarbons are prepared from C.sub.4.sup.- hydrocarbons by steam reforming followed by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over a special cobalt-containing catalyst. Yields of C.sub.9.sup.+ hydrocarbons are increased by recycling a gaseous fraction comprising unconverted H.sub.2 and CO as well as C.sub.8.sup.- hydrocarbon by-products and steam to the steam reformer.