Abstract: Spent catalyst is continuously regenerated in a fluid catalytic cracking system by forcing air to flow through such a catalyst bed to burn carbonaceous material from it and to heat such catalyst for fluid catalytic contact with a hydrocarbon feed stream in a reactor transfer line or riser.The combustion of carbonaceous material is optimized by controlling the rate of air flow through the bed, supported on an open grid having openings which are substantially larger than the average diameter of the catalyst particles. This assures even air flow throughout the bed. Such air flow is optimized by collecting catalyst that may backflow under low flow conditions from below one of the lowest grid openings. The particles are withdrawn from a collector in a minor portion of the air flowing to the catalyst bed. The presence of catalyst is detected either by direct observation or by temperature measurement.

Abstract: A method for improving fluidization of a particulate material flowing through a fluid conductor is provided by controlling the rate of addition of fluid, such as aerating gas or steam at a plurality of spaced apart locations along the conduit. The composition and rate of flow of the fluidized particles, is controlled by positioning a source of penetrative radiation such as neutrons, gamma rays, or X-rays at any location along the conduit so that the radiation traverses the fluidized particulate material flowing therein. A radiation detector is positioned opposite the source so that radiation absorbed in the conduit by the fluidized mixture may be measured as an electrical quantity. This electrical quantity may represent the total number of gamma rays of a preselected energy interacting with a detector in a given time interval or the average number of all gamma rays generating electrical pulses by interaction with the radiation detector.

Abstract: Benzene and substituted benzene compounds are alkylated with olefins by contact with a catalyst which comprises a metal oxide substrate having niobium (V) halide/oxide bound to the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A process for producing a high quality refrigerator oil from an oil fraction boiling at a temperature within boiling point of lubricating oil by contacting said oil fraction with a solvent to extract undesirable components thereby lowering % C.sub.A of said oil fraction, hydrogenating said solvent extracted fraction under the specific conditions, and then contacting said hydrogenated oil with a solid absorbant to remove impurities; said oil fraction being obtained from a low grade naphthenic crude oil.

Abstract: A heavy oil fraction of pyrolysis oil vapors containing concentrated contaminants is coked on the hot mixture of pyrolyzed solids and heat transfer material in a retorting vessel provided with an inert stripping gas of a velocity sufficient to lower the dew point of the pyrolysis oil.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for converting components of natural gas liquids to aromatic compounds by certain pyrolysis and recycle steps wherein the ultimate yield of light aromatics is maximized while the compression and other costs are minimized.

Abstract: In the purification of oil used for example in light metal rolling, and contaminated by abraded particles, a coagulating agent, for example an aqueous soda solution, is added by means of a dosaging device (7) and mixed in a device (5) which comprises a static dispersing device (8) with a jet pump (9) connected thereafter with a recirculation loop (10). The mixing is normally carried out at an elevated temperature and a heating step (3,4) included. After mixing, the coagulates formed are separated, typically in a centrifuge (14). The invention is particularly suited to the purification of the rolling oil occurring in the manufacture of aluminium foils.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for reducing process performance excursions during feed coal or process solvent changeover in a coal hydroliquefaction process by blending of feedstocks or solvents over time.

Abstract: A coal liquefaction hydrotreating catalyst composition comprising particles of Component A consisting essentially of at least one Group VIB metal component supported on refractory inorganic oxide and particles of Component B consisting essentially of either cobalt and/or nickel component supported on a refractory inorganic oxide.

Abstract: The process described uses a C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 hydrocarbon solvent and an organophosphorous compound to extract metals from metal containing oils. Preferably, the extraction is performed above the critical conditions of the solvent.

Abstract: A method of dispersing a liquefaction catalyst within coal or other carbonaceous solids involves providing a suspension in oil of microcapsules containing the catalyst. An aqueous solution of a catalytic metal salt is emulsified in the water-immiscible oil and the resulting minute droplets microencapsulated in polymeric shells by interfacial polycondensation. The catalyst is subsequently blended and dispersed throughout the powdered carbonaceous material to be liquefied. At liquefaction temperatures the polymeric microcapsules are destroyed and the catalyst converted to minute crystallites in intimate contact with the carbonaceous material.

Abstract: Hot particles removed from a retort, preferably retort-sized particles of oil shale removed from a retort operating at superatmospheric pressure, are crushed and fed to a fluidized surge zone maintained under non-oxidizing conditions at substantially the pressure of the retort to forestall escape of retort gases. Raw fines are introduced into the surge zone and retorted without agglomeration by heat transferred from the hot retorted particles and/or a heated fluidizing gas stream to educe hydrocarbonaceous vapors. Educed vapors are scrubbed, condensed and separated into liquid and gaseous product streams, a portion of the latter being recycled to provide fluidizing process gas streams.

Abstract: It has been discovered that the pour point and wax content of waxy hydrocarbon oils, either natural or derived from synthetic sources such as tar sands, shale oil, etc., preferably natural waxy petroleum oils, most preferably waxy lube, transformer, specialty oils and waxy fuels such as kerosene or jet fuel, can be effectively reduced under standard catalytic dewaxing conditions using an aluminosilicate catalyst with very low crystallinity (VLC), as measured by x-ray diffraction. These VLC materials are derived from crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites which will not themselves reduce the pour point and wax content of waxy oils by the thermal decomposition of said zeolites following their exchange with cations which yield hydroxyl groups during the thermal decomposition step.

Abstract: There are provided a process and apparatus for the reclamation of oil from emulsified mixtures of oil, water and particulate solids. Basic to the process is the introduction of the emulsified mixture to undergo reclamation into a settler providing an internal mixing centerwell in communication with a surrounding settling tank at a first temperature. Typically, the surrounding settling tank consists of a cylindrical zone and a conical zone. At a base of the settling zone is an exhaust for sludge and, if desired, water. At the opposed or upper end of the settling zone is a clarified-oil outlet, which is preferably in the form of an annular, peripheral weir. The mixing centerwell has an inlet and outlet for flow of a heating fluid, typically steam; or of a cooling fluid, typically water, therethrough. The emulsion and demulsifying agent are added to the central mixing zone. Agitation is substantially confined thereto. Operation may be on a batch, semi-continuous or continuous basis.

Abstract: A catalyst containing molybdenum and chromium and method for recovering upgraded liquid products from a solid carbonaceous material using said catalyst are disclosed.

Abstract: The process for increasing the production of petrochemical conversion processes in the presence of a carbon-hydrogen fragmentation compound in the presence of a non-zeolitic molecular sieve.

Abstract: In an atmospheric distillation tower of a coal liquefaction process, tower materials corrosion is reduced or eliminated by introduction of boiling point differentiated streams to boiling point differentiated tower regions.

Abstract: Fractionation apparatus material corrosion in a coal liquefaction system is reduced by addition of compounds having a pK.sub.b <6 to tower feed streams or to the tower itself.

Abstract: A process for conversion of an asphaltenes-containing heavy oil or heavy oil fraction to lighter fractions comprises 3 steps of: catalytic hydrodemetallation, hydrovisbreaking and catalytic hydrodesulfuration.

Abstract: An asphaltene-containing heavy oil or heavy oil fraction is converted to lighter fractions in a process comprising three steps: a hydrovisbreaking, a catalytic hydrodemetallation and catalytic hydrodesulfuration.