Abstract: There is provided a catalytic composition which comprises a crystalline chromosilicate and a porous refractory inorganic oxide, said chromosilicate and said inorganic oxide having been intimately admixed with one another, said chromosilicate comprising a molecular sieve material providing a specific X-ray diffraction pattern and having the following composition in terms of mole ratios of oxides:0.9.+-.0.2 M.sub.2/n O:Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 :YSiO.sub.2 :ZH.sub.2 O,wherein M is at least one cation having a valence of n, Y is within the range of about 4 to about 200, and Z is a value within the range of 0 to about 160. There is also provided a method for preparing such a catalytic composition.There is provided a process for the conversion of a hydrocarbon stream, which process comprises contacting said stream at conversion conditions with the above catalytic composition.

Abstract: In the thermal cracking of or heating of hydrocarbons, for example naphtha, a carbonization reaction incidentally takes place due to the fact that Ni, Fe and Co contained in, for example, the conduits of the thermal cracking apparatus have a catalytically carbonizing action. The aim of the present invention is to effectively suppress carbon deposition promoted by these elements, to provide for the incorporation of an inhibitor element, e.g. Li, Na, Ba, Be, Ca, Mg or their oxides, into the heat-resistant alloy, and to form on the surface of this alloy a carbon deposition suppressing layer which comprises an inhibitor element.

Abstract: A method for recovering hydrocarbons from oil bearing shale which comprises placing the shale in pulverized form into a retort and simultaneously processing under retorting conditions.

Abstract: Crushed, retorted shale particles recovered from a shale oil retort but still containing combustible materials are burned under oxidizing conditions in a fluidized combustor to remove substantially all of the hydrocarbonaceous materials. Hot combustion flue gases are recovered, divided, and delivered to two heat exchangers, the first for indirectly preheating recycled retort education gases and the second for indirectly heating water. Also recovered from the combustor are shale particles, which are introduced into a fluidized cooling vessel and therein cooled by indirectly exchanging heat with water while traces of residual hydrocarbons burn from the shale.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for dehydrogenating a parafinic or naphthenic compound and for dehydrocyclizing a paraffinic compound comprising a straight chain of at least 5 carbon atoms, comprising: contacting an aforesaid compound under dehydrogenation conditions comprising a temperature in the range of from about 465.degree. C. to about 650.degree. C. with an active carbon catalyst having a cage-like structure and a BET surface area of at least 800 square meters per gram and a bulk density of at least 0.1 gram per cubic centimeter and comprising a substantially uniform dispersion of a metal, metal-containing material, or both in a porous carbon matrix, wherein the dispersed metal and metal in the dispersed metal-containing material are each a transition metal and wherein the total concentration of dispersed metal and dispersed metal-containing material is from about 0.001 to about 30 weight percent, calculated as the elemental metal and based on the weight of the catalyst.

Abstract: The porosity and surface area of refractory oxides are modified by adding a lithium component thereto and then calcining. The resultant material, having a lower surface area, a lower total pore volume, and a larger average pore diameter in comparison to the original refractory oxide, is highly useful as a catalyst support, particularly with respect to hydrodesulfurization catalysts.

Abstract: Retorted shale particles are recovered from a retort and delivered to a gas lift for transport to a fluidized combustor by passage, serially, through a sealing vessel, a crusher preferably operating at retort pressure, and a surge vessel. In the sealing vessel, a sealing gas is introduced, and after commingling with the shale, the gas passes counter-currently to the shale and enters the retort, thus sealing the retort gases in the retort while separating the retorted shale from the retort gases. Retorted shale from the sealing vessel is transported to a crusher, wherein the shale is reduced in size to that suitable for combustion under fluidized conditions. To prevent the crushed shale from packing, the shale is passed to a surge vessel, wherein the crushed shale is held as a fluidized bed, from which the crushed shale is continuously withdrawn at a regulated rate and introduced into the gas lift leading to the fluidized combustor.

Abstract: Elemental sulfur or aqueous sodium hydrogen phosphate is added to an arsenic-containing hydrocarbon, yielding a product hydrocarbon of reduced arsenic content. The process of the invention is particularly useful in the treatment of shale oils and other syncrudes containing relatively large concentrations of arsenic.

Abstract: Catalysts solid particles are supplied to a vertical reactor for the catalytic treatment of fluid charges, at the upper part of said reactor and are progressively withdrawn from the lower part thereof either continuously or periodically through a funnel having the shape of an inverted cone or an inverted pyramid. At least a portion of the charge is introduced at the lower part of the reactor through orifices above the walls of the funnel at a distance thereof from 1 to 500 times the average size of a catalyst particle.

Abstract: The method of making a catalyst comprising alumina with GP VI and VIII components wherein the method comprises peptizing an alumina powder with an aqueous acid solution of a group VIII metal salt, neutralizing the peptized alumina/group VIII metal with an aqueous solution of a nitrogen-containing base with a dissolved group VI metal salt therein, extruding, drying, and calcining the catalytic particles.

Abstract: Inactive zeolites such as NaZSM-5 are activated by steaming in the presence of a binder such as alumina.

Abstract: A combined process for treating heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks, such as resids that minimizes coke production and maximizes naphtha production, comprising the steps of thermally treating the feedstocks, in the absence of an added catalyst and either with or without hydrogen and steam, at a temperature of at least about 750.degree. F. (399.degree. C.) and under a pressure greater than about 400 psig to create significant chemical transformations without causing phase separation and consequent formation of sludge or a coke deposit; topping the thermally treated product to produce a distillate fraction and a bottoms fraction; coking the bottom fraction to produce gas, liquid products, and coke; and finally catalytically cracking the combined distillate fraction and liquid products to recover gas, gasoline, and light distillate products.

Abstract: A process for the liquefaction of carbonaceous material, such as coal, is set forth wherein coal is liquefied in a catalytic solvent refining reaction wherein an activated zinc sulfide catalyst is utilized which is activated by hydrogenation in a coal derived process solvent in the absence of coal.

Abstract: Energy is conserved and air pollution reduced by crushing retorted shale after subjecting raw shale to retorting conditions.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the thermal cracking and fractionation of petroleum heavy gas oil and simultaneously heavy crude oil feedstock below atmospheric pressure. The feedstock is fed to a fractionator after heat exchange with distillate fractions withdrawn from the fractionator. A heavy gas oil fraction is withdrawn from the fractionator, fed to a heater and subsequently to the top of a thermal cracking reactor, while the reduced or heavy crude stock is fed to the mid-section of the reactor. The cracked products are quenched with the feedstock and fed to the bottom flash zone of the fractionator. The process may also be applied to existing crude oil topping still with modifications and operated above atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: Metals contained in a hydrocarbon containing feed stream are removed by contacting the hydrocarbon containing feed stream under suitable demetallization conditions with hydrogen and a catalyst composition comprising zirconium phosphate, cobalt phosphate and a metal phosphate where the metal is selected from the group consisting of nickel and vanadium. Molybdenum phosphate may also be added to the catalyst composition if desired. The life and activity of the catalyst composition may be increased by introducing a decomposable metal compound selected from the group consisting of the metals of Group V-B, Group VI-B, Group VII-B and Group VIII of the Periodic Table into the hydrocarbon containing feed stream prior to contacting the hydrocarbon containing feed stream with the catalyst composition.

Abstract: A hydrogenation catalyst composition useful for the hydrogenation of an oxalate diester, said composition being composed of a reduction product of copper-containing silica gel formed by contacting an amine complex of copper with colloidal silica sol; and a process for producing the aforesaid composition. Using a catalyst composed of the aforesaid composition, ethylene glycol and/or a glycolic acid ester can be produced from an oxalate diester efficiently with high conversions and selectivities and without causing pollution attributed to the use of a chromium-containing catalyst composition.

Abstract: A single stage catalyst system and process for using same in a single stage operation for hydrodewaxing and hydrotreating petroleum residua is disclosed. The catalyst comprises a ZSM-5 type zeolite in an alumina binder having specified metals content and pore volume characteristics.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are extracted from a hydrocarbon-bearing substrate, e.g. shale oil, bituminous coal, tar sand, in the substantial absence of oxygen at temperatures above 400.degree. C., by passing substrate particles through a plurality of successive stages in which the substrate is mixed with a solid heat-bearing medium, the mixture being maintained in a fluidized-bed condition, and the liberated hydrocarbons being removed by passage of an inert stripping gas in cross-current flow with respect to the passage of the substrate particles. The average cross-sectional area of at least one or more of the stages subsequent to the first one is preferably smaller than the average cross-sectional area of one or more of the preceding stages.An apparatus for carrying out the process is described.

Abstract: A process for hydrogenation of coal to produce hydrocarbon liquids and gases, wherein the yield of liquid products is increased by feeding particulate coal at temperature below about 600.degree. F. directly into a back-mixed reactor and preferably into an ebullated bed catalytic reaction zone containing coal-derived liquid and hydrogen for rapid heating and conversion. In the process, the coal is pressurized and fed without preheating directly into the reaction zone and additional heat needed in the reaction zone to maintain temperature therein at 750.degree.-900.degree. F. is provided by heating recycle hydrogen and coal-derived liquid streams to temperatures above the desired reaction zone temperature.