Abstract: A runner system for receiving and conveying molten slag at the end of an iron pour includes a permanent trough-like construction in which precast side wall panels are removably positioned together with a rammed in place bottom between the side wall panels to form a runner system capable of resisting the increased corrosive properties of slag and having a predetermined life.

Abstract: A process for the coproduction of molten ferrous metals and hydrogen-carbon monoxide adducts from a blast furnace whose hot blast is replaced by oxygen and a suspension of coal in recycle gas; whereby the top gas or gas removed from the stack at a point below where reduction begins is employed to produce chemicals of which hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide adducts are made.

Abstract: Improved recovery of platinum lost from the catalyst gauze in a nitric acid plant is obtained by using palladium containing recovery gauzes configured to enhance the mass transfer characteristics of the system.

Abstract: A spout-filling mass which is retained in place by a slider in the pouring spout of a metal-casting ladle consists essentially of 35 to 65% by weight chromite, (chromium ore with 42 to 45% Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3), 3 to 25% by weight carbon and the balance quartz sand. The mass, which fills the cylindrical portion of the spout, is formed into a pile on the floor of the ladle above the spout and upon contact with the molten metal fuses into a thin shell which, upon movement of the slider to bring its opening into registry with the spout, is ruptured by the molten metal after the underlying support for the shell is discharged through the spout.

Abstract: Lead is separated from material containing lead sulfide, e.g., galena ore concentrate, by a substantially autogenous process involving establishing a pool of molten lead in a kettle, adding a metallic alkali metal, e.g., metallic sodium, to the molten lead in an amount sufficient to reduce the combined lead of the lead sulfide to metallic lead, adding the ore concentrate to the molten lead pool, and mixing together the metallic sodium, molten lead and ore concentrate. The sodium reacts rapidly and exothermically with the lead sulfide to reduce the combined lead of the lead sulfide to metallic lead and form sodium sulfide. The thus-liberated metallic lead reports in the molten lead pool, and a matte phase containing the sodium sulfide separates from the molten lead and forms on the surface of the molten lead pool.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrolytes circulation type cell stack secondary battery of the construction in which the electrolytes are circulated in a parallel manner. In order to absorb small shunt electrical currents, an electrode is arranged in the vicinity of each of the cathode electrolyte inlet and outlet channels of low-potential-side one of the secondary cells and the electrodes are connected to the cathode terminal of the cell stack secondary battery.

Abstract: An improved method of melting metal scrap in a molten melting media is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of providing a body of molten melting media in a housing having an upper portion and a lower portion, the lower portion having a generally cylindrical wall section. A supply of metal scrap is added to the housing and a supply of molten melting media is introduced to the upper portion of the housing. Melting of the metal scrap is initiated by ingesting it and molten melting media downwardly in the housing by action of an impeller positioned in the lower portion, the impeller having a flat ring member having an opening in the center thereof and having blades extending from said ring member to a substantially circular disc member. The scrap and melting media enters the opening in the ring member in an axial direction and is propelled therefrom in a radial direction by use of the blades.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of iron oxides to produce molten iron in which olivine is introduced into a blast furnace in addition to iron oxide bearing materials and in which there is a high content of alkali metal oxides in the materials charged into the furnace, resulting in minimizing or preventing "scaffolding" and improving the operation of the furnace. The disclosure further includes improvements in which olivine is mixed with iron bearing materials or with coke and such mixture is formed into agglomerates having improved properties and in which such agglomerates are charged into the furnace.

Abstract: This invention provides a CME alloy of Fe-Ni-Cr-Ti-Al-Zr and one of Fe-Ni-Co-Cr-Ti-Al-Zr. The former CME alloy comprises from 40 to 44.5% by wt of Ni, from 4 to 6.5% by wt of chromium, from 0.5 to 1.9% by wt of Ti, from 0.1 to 1% by wt of Al and from 0.2 to 2% by wt of Zr. The latter CME alloy comprises from 30 to 44.5% by wt Ni and from 0.4 and 15% by wt of Co, and the same amounts of the other metals as in the former CME alloy. A CME alloy comprising the components having the above-defined concentrations has an upper temperature limit greater than 130.degree. C., at which temperature level its CME properties can be retained. The subject CME alloy also has great mechanical strength. This mechanical strength is more greatly improved by the addition of from 0.1 to 5.5% by wt of one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mo, Nb, Ta and W.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing blister copper from copper-iron sulphide concentrates, and particularly from concentrates whose sulphur content is insufficient to effect autogenous smelting of the concentrates to matte. The invention is characterized in that the concentrate, together with slag former, is smelted with oxygen-gas or air rich in oxygen in a top blown rotary converter, to form a mixture of a contaminated copper metal phase, magnetite and fayalite slag, whereafter a reductant, preferably coke, is supplied for the reduction of magnetite while supplying heat. After the reduction process, the slag is separated from the formed copper metal phase, which is then refined to blister copper in a manner known per se.

Abstract: Lead is obtained from lead sulfide ores or concentrates without prior sintering or roasting by the steps of adding the lead sulfide to a molten slag, injecting sufficient oxide to below the surface of the molten slag and vigorously agitating the slag whereby substantially to oxidize the lead sulfides to lead oxides, and then reducing the lead oxides. The slag is preferably agitated by means of a lance. The reduction stage may follow the oxidation stage in the same vessel or may be conducted in another vessel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing lead from sulphidic lead raw-materials by direct smelting processes of the kind in which the lead raw-materials are smelted autogenously in a shaft with the aid of oxygen gas, or air enriched in oxygen, optionally by adding fluxes, there being formed an oxide-containing molten product which is caused to pass into a coke bed arranged in the lower part of the shaft, to form a lead phase and a slag depleted in lead. The invention is characterized by heating the coke bed continuously, by partially combusting carbon therein and/or by supplying electrical energy thereto.The electrical heating is preferably effected by supplying electrical energy through induction or through electrodes.When heating the coke bed by the partial combustion of coke in the bed, oxygen gas or air enriched in oxygen is preferably introduced directly into the coke bed, through tuyeres or lances.

Abstract: A method of recovering metallic zinc is disclosed, wherein zinc calcine is introduced to a smelter together with oxygen-enriched air and pulverized coke or coal as reducing agents. The smelter contains two layers, i.e. an upper layer of slag containing the zinc calcine and a lower layer of crude lead for capturing valuable metals such as gold, silver and copper. Zinc vapor from the smelter is passed to a condenser providing a spray of molten lead or zinc for condensing metallic zinc, from which it is recovered. Effluent gases of high caloric content are also recovered.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for recovering lead from lead chloride raw materials, by reducing the lead chloride with gas in a reaction zone comprising one or more separate reaction chambers. The invention is characterized in that two reduction processes are carried out simultaneously in the reaction zone, namely a reduction of solid or liquid lead chloride and a reduction of gaseous lead chloride. Non-reacted lead-chloride reactants in either of the two reduction processes are caused to take part as a reactant in the other process. The reduction gas is taken from the upper part (2) of the reaction zone (1) and the temperature of the upper part (2) of the reaction zone (1) is lower than the lower part (4) of the reaction zone.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing lead from moist lead-sulphide concentrates and oxidic and/or sulphatic lead raw materials by the known roasting and reaction process. According to the method granules or pellets of oxidic and/or sulphatic lead raw materials are brought together with the moist lead concentrate in a drum-like vessel arranged for rotation about its longitudinal axis. Said moist concentrate is dried while rotating said drum-like vessel to form sulphide-containing granulates. The formed granulates are introduced into a furnace together with flux in given proportions. The charge is vigorously agitated and turbulence created in the resultant melt, while effecting the roasting and reaction process to form a liquid slag and a molten lead phase.Both the drying and the smelting may be provided in the same unit if a top-blown rotary converter is employed.

Abstract: Aluminum contaminated with at least one of the metals of the groups II b, III a, IV a and V a of the periodic table of elements is purified by means of sodium applied in liquid extraction in a separating column in the temperature range between the melting point of the aluminum or aluminum alloys and the boiling point of sodium. The pre-heated sodium is introduced into the separating column from a circuit having a heat exchanger, solids precipitator, pump and storage tank, in quantities at least 5 times greater than the mass of contaminating metal. The sodium flows countercurrent to the contaminated aluminum which is also introduced into the separating column. The purified aluminum containing a small residual amount of contaminating metal and a sodium content not exceeding 500 ppm is removed from the separating column. The sodium containing a low concentration of contaminating metal is returned to the circuit.

Abstract: A ladle scraper mechanism 20 comprises an outer frame 44 which supports and guides a carrier assembly 58 for up and down movement to move scraper legs 57, with scraper blades 72 at their lower ends, down along the lining of a ladle 22 containing a bath 40 of molten metal while vibrators 70 on the top of the legs vibrate them and pneumatic actuators 68 on the carrier assembly force the legs to swing radially outwardly against the ladle walls.

Abstract: Concentrated (e.g. above 72% by weight) dispersions of calcium carbonate ground to a particle size such that at least 87% by weight of the particles are less than 2 .mu.m in size have a tendency to gel on standing. In the invention this tendency is minimized or eliminated by using, as dispersing agent, a copolymer of from 5 to 75% by weight AMPS and 95 to 25% by weight acrylic acid, or a water soluble salt thereof, having a molecular weight in the range 1000 to 20,000.

Abstract: A blast furnace off-gas sampling apparatus comprising a valved sample line for continuously withdrawing a sample off-gas from an off-gas line, pressure and temperature sensing means for determining the pressure and temperature within the sample line and pressure filter means attached to the sample line for removing particulate matter from the off-gas going through the sample line, and:A method for determining gas scrubber efficiency in steel mill furnace off-gas systems which comprises the steps of:(a) Withdrawing a side stream sample from untreated gas flowing through an off-gas line,(b) passing said sample through a pressure filter for a fixed period of time whereby the particulate matter in the sample is collected,(c) withdrawing a side stream sample from the same off-gas line after chemical treatment has been added to the off-gas and passing the treated sample through a pressure filter for the same fixed period of time used in step (b), whereby the particulate matter in the treated matter is collected.

Abstract: A hermetically closable and evacuable apparatus for preparing high melting point high toughness metals by reduction of a chloride of said metals comprising a heatable reaction chamber and a coolable condensation chamber provided above the reaction chamber which chambers communicate with each other through an intermediate connecting section, wherein the intermediate connecting section is provided with a seal pot closing means comprising a funnel body and a pan which can be opened to form a wide gas passage, is disclosed.