Abstract: Coal-based cellular products that can be custom designed to have integral stiffeners or load paths, directed heat transfer paths, and/or directed mass transfer paths and methods for their production are described. Such design and production is made possible by the appropriate selection of starting materials, thermal treatment conditions and mold materials combined in at least some instances with segregation of different starting materials in different regions of a forming mold.

Abstract: A fuel blend for use in an internal combustion engine is provided. The fuel blend comprises a hydrocarbon-containing fuel component and an oxygen-containing component capable of providing a portion of the oxygen needed for combustion of the fuel component under conditions prevailing during the combustion cycle of the internal combustion engine. The major oxygen-providing agent of the oxygen-containing component is one or more compounds having the general formula (I) R2—O—(CO)—R1, wherein R1 is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl groups, R2 is selected from lower alkyl, lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl groups, or a group having the general formula (II) R3—(CO)—O—R4—wherein R3 is selected from lower alkyl, lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl groups, and R4 is selected from lower alkyl. The blend may additionally comprise one or more of a stabilizer, a biocide and a substituted alcohol.

Abstract: The incorporation or blending of from about 1 to about 10% by volume of a “carbide precursor” powder, preferably on the order of <100 microns in size, with a coal particulate starting material and the subsequent production of carbon foam in accordance with the method described herein, results in a carbon foam that exhibits significantly enhanced abrasive characteristics typical of those required in the polishing of, for example glass, in the manufacture of cathode ray tubes.

Abstract: Coal-based cellular products that can be custom designed to have integral stiffeners or load paths, directed heat transfer paths, and/or directed mass transfer paths and methods for their production are described. Such design and production is made possible by the appropriate selection of: starting materials, thermal treatment conditions and/or mold materials combined in at least some instances with segregation of different starting materials in different regions of a forming mold and/or the use of fibrous carbonaceous layers to obtain selected reinforcement to enhance bending and/or impact resistance. Carbon foams of a homogeneous composition comprising at least fibrous carbonaceous mat as a reinforcing element are also described.

Abstract: The incorporation or blending of from about 1 to about 10% by volume of a “carbide precursor” powder, preferably on the order of <100 microns in size, with a coal particulate starting material and the subsequent production of carbon foam in accordance with the method described herein, results in a carbon foam that exhibits significantly enhanced abrasive characteristics typical of those required in the polishing of, for example glass, in the manufacture of cathode ray tubes.

Abstract: An ablation resistant, monolithic, activated, carbon foam produced by the activation of a coal-based carbon foam through the action of carbon dioxide, ozone or some similar oxidative agent that pits and/or partially oxidizes the carbon foam skeleton, thereby significantly increasing its overall surface area and concurrently increasing its filtering ability. Such activated carbon foams are suitable for application in virtually all areas where particulate or gel form activated carbon materials have been used. Such an activated carbon foam can be fabricated, i.e. sawed, machined and otherwise shaped to fit virtually any required filtering location by simple insertion and without the need for handling the “dirty” and friable particulate activated carbon foam materials of the prior art.

Abstract: A container for releasing a chemical additive into a fuel composition comprises a fuel-impermeable casing having a hollow interior and an additive composition comprising at least one fuel soluble additive. The additive is held within the container by at least one fuel-permeable element provided at or near an opening in the casing and is effective to provide for release of additive(s) into the fuel composition. Methods of releasing additives into fuel compositions are also provided.

Abstract: According to the present invention there is provided a coal-based carbon foam having a density of between about 0.1 g/cm3 and about 0.8 g/cm3, preferably between about 0.2 g/cm3 and about 0.6 g/cm3 and most preferably between about 0.3 g/cm3 and about 0.4 g/cm3 that is produced by the controlled heating of high volatile bituminous coal particulate in a “mold” and under a non-oxidizing atmosphere. The high volatile bituminous coal starting material preferably exhibits a free swell index of between about 3.5 and about 5.0 and most preferably between about 3.75 and about 4.5. A number of additional highly desirable characteristics of the high volatile bituminous coal starting material are also described. The carbon foam product thereby produced can be machined, adhered and otherwise fabricated to produce a wide variety of low cost, low density products, or used in its preformed shape as a filter, heat or electrical insulator etc.

Abstract: A process for the production of a winter diesel fuel from wax containing hydrocarbons produced by the Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis process. A 300° F.+ Fischer-Tropsch fraction is upgraded first by hydroisomerization followed by catalytic dewaxing resulting in a diesel fuel suitable for use as a winter diesel fuel having excellent cold flow properties and reduced emissions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polymerization inhibitor comprising at least one compound (a) selected from the group consisting of a compound having an NO radical in its molecule and a precursor compound capable of forming an NO radical, and a phosphorus-containing compound (b), wherein a weight ratio of the compound (a) to the phosphorus-containing compound (b) is 1:10 to 100:1. Specifically, the invention provides a method for inhibiting the polymerization of at least one monomer (c) selected from the group consisting of a conjugated diene, an aromatic vinyl, an ethylenically unsaturated nitrile and an &agr;-olefin, comprising causing the polymerization inhibitor to coexist with the monomer (c), and a polymerization-inhibiting composition comprising the polymerization inhibitor and the monomer (c).

Abstract: The invention aims to provide a phosphor multilayer eliminating a need for filters, having a satisfactory color purity and useful in white monochromatic EL devices, and an EL panel. Such objects are achieved by a phosphor multilayer comprising at least a first thin film and a second thin film wherein the first thin film is formed of a matrix material comprising barium aluminate as a main component, containing sulfur element and further containing Eu as a luminescent center, and the second thin film is formed of a matrix material comprising zinc sulfide as a main component, and an EL panel using the same.

Abstract: A Fischer-Tropsch derived distillate fraction is blended with either a raw virgin condensate fraction or a mildly hydrotreated virgin condensate to obtain a stable inhibited distillate fuel.

Abstract: According to the present invention there is provided a porous coal-based material having a density of between about 0.1 g/cm3 and about 0.6 g/cm3 that is produced by the controlled heating of small coal particulate in a “mold” and under a non-oxidizing atmosphere. The coal starting material preferably exhibits a free swell index of between about 3.5 and about 5.0 and most preferably between about 4.0 and about 4.5. The porous product thereby produced can be machined, adhered and otherwise fabricated to produce a wide variety of low cost, low density products, or used in its preformed shape as a filter, heat or electrical insulator etc. Such porous products, without further treatment exhibit compressive strengths of up to about 6000 psi. Further treatment by carbonization or graphitization yields products that can be used as electrical or heat conductors. Methods for the production of these coal-based cellular products are also described.

Abstract: The formation of deposits on the injectors of gasoline direct injection engines controlled by combustion in said engine of a fuel comprising a gasoline containing about 12 to 65 vol % aromatics when the aromatics present in the fuel are attributable to the presence in the fuel of light fluid cat cracker stream product, reformate or a mixture thereof, preferably predominantly reformate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and ethoxylated alkyl amine surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: A method of improving the compatibility of a fuel additive composition comprising blending together the following components: a) a Mannich condensation product of (1) a high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound, (2) an amine having the formula:  wherein A is CH or nitrogen, R1, R2, R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl of 1 to about 6 carbon atoms and each R2 and R3 is independently selected in each —CR2R3— unit, and x is an integer from 1 to about 6;  and (3) an aldehyde, wherein the respective molar ratio of reactants (1), (2), and (3) is 1:0.1-2:0.1-2; b) a hydrocarbyl-terminated poly(oxyalkylene) monool; c) a carboxylic acid as represented by the formula: R4(COOH)y  wherein R4 represents a hydrocarbyl group having about 2 to about 50 carbon atoms, and y represents an integer of 1 to about 4; and d) an anhydride selected from the group consisting of succinic, glutaric, phthalic, and alkyl anhydrides.

Abstract: The invention provides a fuel oil composition comprising a major proportion of liquid hydrocarbon middle distillate fuel oil having a sulphur concentration of at most 0.05% by weight, and a minor proportion of a dispersant additive obtained by reacting, in a molar ratio A:B in the range 4:3 to 1:10, (A) a polyalkenyl derivative of monoethylenically unsaturated C4-C10 dicarboxylic acid material in which the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the polyalkenyl chain is in the range from 850 to 1150 with (B) a polyamine of general formula H2N(CH2)m—[NH(CH2)m]n—NH2  (1) where m is in the range from 2 to 4 and n is in the range from 1 to 6; a process for the preparation of such a fuel composition, and a method of operation a compression-ignition engine with enhance injector cleanliness using such a fuel oil composition.

Abstract: A candle composition in creamy liquid form spreads evenly to assume the shape and size of any candle-safe container. The composition hardens after being heated by a wick and subsequently cooled after the wick is extinguished.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a coating composition for fibrous substances containing 25 to 75 percent by weight of pigment, and 0.5 to 25 weight percent of a polymer comprising 1 to 15 percent by weight of one or more monomers having sterically hindered secondary amine groups and 10 to 40 weight percent of a carboxylic acid monomer. The coating is useful on fibrous and non-fibrous substrates on which liquid inks will be fixed. The non-ionic polymer becomes cationic when contacted by anionic inks, and the cationic nature of the coating provides the substrate with an excellent point of attachment for inks and dyes, resulting in bright, crisp printed images. The coating is especially useful for ink-jet printing on paper, paperboard, textiles, non-wovens, wood, and films.

Abstract: A candle composition has a paraffin wax mixture of a high melting point paraffin wax and a low melting point paraffin wax, and a hydrogenated vegetable oil that is present in a greater amount than the mixture of the varying grades of paraffin wax, and the vegetable oil contains no more than 0.15% free fatty acid, with the remainder being triglycerides. Candles of the composition have good burn characteristics, particularly good fragrance intensity and produce a unique crystallization effect after the first burn.