Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process for polymerizing vinyl monomers, the improvement comprising using an amine having a functionally effective amount of .alpha.-hydrogens to act as an initiator site and as a crosslinking site for development of a polymer chain. The amine compound acts as a reducing agent in a redox pair initiator system and has a sufficient number of .alpha.-hydrogens available for oxidation to render polymer chain growth from more than two locations on the amine. Through the various available .alpha.-hydrogens and thus polymer chains, the amine compound imparts crosslinking in the polymer and simultaneously acts as an initiator site for polymerization. The crosslinking is therefore produced out from the initiator/crosslinker, instead of by linking existing or growing polymer chains together. The method by which the crosslinking occurs in the present invention is thought to decrease the number of dangling chains present when conventional polymerization methods are used.

Abstract: Hydrophilic fine gel particles, said particles being crosslinked polymer particles comprising 20-94.8% by weight of a monoethylenically unsaturated amide monomer, 5-60.0% by weight of a crosslinkable ethylenically unsaturated monomer, 0.1-30% by weight of an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, 0.1-50% by weight of an ester monomer of an acrylic or methacrylic acid, and 0-30% by weight of a monomer copolymerizable with the above-mentioned monomers, said particles having a particle diameter in a water-swollen state of 0.1-10 .mu.m and a weight-average particle diameter/number-average particle diameter ratio of 1.2 or less; and a process for producing hydrophilic fine gel particles having a particle diameter in a water-swollen state of 0.1-10 .mu.m and a weight-average particle diameter/number-average particle diameter ratio of 1.2 or less, which comprises copolymerizing a monomer mixture of 20-94.8% by weight of a monoethylenically unsaturated amide monomer, 5-60.

Abstract: A metal treatment solution comprising an effective amount of a soluble or dispersible compound which is a derivative of a polyphenol. A composition for treatment and after treatment of metal with polyphenol compounds is provided. The present invention includes novel derivatives of polyphenol compounds which are useful in surface treatment solutions or dispersions. A method for using these solutions or dispersions is also provided. The molecular weight of the polyphenols used to form the derivatives of the present invention are in the range of from about 360 to 30,000 or greater. The resulting derivatives of the present invention typically have a molecular weight of up to about 2,000,000 with molecular weights within the range of about 700 to about 70,000 being preferred.

Abstract: Hydroxylated acrylic copolymers in solid form which are the product of the suspension polymerization containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms in the alcohol chain, hydroxyalkylacrylates or methacrylates, and acrylic or methacrylic acid and contain from 0.5 to 8% free hydroxyl groups and from 0.1 to 5% free carboxyl groups which are capable of reacting with compounds containing reactive groups such as isocyanates or their prepolymers, amines containing--NH--CH.sub.2 OH-- groups or epoxy groups provide improved binders for paints and shellacs used for plastics.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula: ##STR1## where Q is a polymerizable olefin substituent;Ar is an aromatic moiety;C.sup..alpha. is the .alpha. carbon;R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently hydrogen or aliphatic groups; andZ is a halogen, oxygen-containing, nitrogen-containing or sulfur-containing substituent complying with one of the formulae: --X, --OR, --SR or --NR.sub.2, wherein X is a halogen and each R is independently a hydrogen atom or an aliphatic moiety;contain azo groups which are stable with respect to thermal decompositon at high temperatures (180.degree. C. to 240.degree. C. and beyond) in the absence of moderate light, so that such compounds may be polymerized and processed at ordinary polystyrene process temperatures. However, the azo group in those compounds or in polymers made from them decomposes to initiate free radical polymerization at temperatures of 100.degree. C. to 120.degree. C. or less in the presence of moderate light.

Abstract: Carboxylic acid esters devoid of beta hydrogens are homopolymerized or copolymerized with contact lens organic materials to form desirable contact lens materials and contact lenses. These materials have good contact lens properties, including desirable DK values, hardness, machineability and a desirable refractive index of at least 1.

Abstract: A finely divided gelled polymer obtained by emulsion polymerizing(a) a polymerizable monomer containing at least two radially polymerizable unsaturated groups in the molecule, and(b) a radically polymerizable unsaturated monomer other than the one mentioned in (a), abovein the presence of a reactive emulsifier containing an allyl group in the molecule.A process for producing a finely divided gelled polymer which comprises emulsion polymerizing(a) a polymerizable monomer containing at least two radically polymerizable unsaturated groups in the molecule, and(b) a radically polymerizable unsaturated monomer other than the one mentioned in (a), above in the presence of a reactive emulsifier containing an allyl group in the molecule, characterized by using a water-soluble azoamide compound as a polymerization initiator.

Abstract: The sealing of small porous rigid articles by impregnation with a liquid synthetic resin impregnant and sequent curing of resin in the pores and provides a liquid (meth)acrylic ester impregnant composition comprising a free radical catalyst, an inhibitor and a higher alkyl (meth)acrylic ester and/or polyfunctional (meth)acrylic ester which has been obtained by transesterification in the presence of an organotitanium catalyst and from which the catalyst residue has not been removed. The catalyst residue has been found to improve sealing and thermal stability of the cured impregnant.

Abstract: This invention describes novel hydrophobically associating ter or tetra polymers which can contain sulfonate functionality which are useful as aqueous fluid rheology or flow modifiers. These high molecular weight water soluble polymers contain both water soluble and water insoluble monomers. The water soluble monomers are N, N dimethylacrylamide acrylamide (DMA) and optionally a salt of an ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid (s) or N-vinylpyrrolidinone or a metal acrylate and the water insoluble monomer is a higher alkyl acrylamide (R). The process for their preparation relies on solubilizing the water insoluble monomer into an aqueous micellar solution containing one or more surfactants and the water soluble monomers. The surfactants are specifically selected to enable homogeneous dispersion of the hydrophobic monomer(s) in the presence of anionic sulfonate containing monomers.

Abstract: A process for producing a copolymer by continuously copolymerizing in a solution monomers comprising 40 to 95% by weight of an aromatic vinyl compound and 5 to 60% by weight of a vinyl cyanide compound, and further 0 to 30% by weight of a vinyl compound copolymerizable with the aromatic vinyl compound and vinyl cyanide compound, wherein 10 to 100 parts by weight of a solvent containing not less than 40% by weight of an alcohol is used as the polymerization solvent based on 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the monomers. According to the process, attachment of a gel-like polymer onto the polymerization vessel or device can be prevented. The copolymer is useful as a thermoplastic resin for various molded articles including electrical parts for domestic uses, automobile parts and commodity goods.

Abstract: Articles made from amorphous dipolymers of perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole with tetrafluoroethylene having high glass transition temperatures of 140.degree. C. or higher, low indices of refraction, and good physical properties, and low dielectric constants, include, among others, substrates for circuit boards, composites, sheets and films, optical lenses, and electronic current carrying devices.

Abstract: Polymer and process of polymerizing a monomer charge containing at least 85% of an olefinically unsaturated carboxyl monomer of 3 to 5 carbon atoms at up to 15% of a copolymerizable comonomer, in the presence of a mixed reaction medium containing an organic solvent and a hydrocarbon solvent in respective weight ratio of 95/5 to 1/99, said organic solvent is selected from ketones, esters, ethers, and alcohols having solubility parameter in the range of 8 to 15 and said hydrocarbon solvent is selected from aliphatic and cyclic aliphatic alkanes containing 4 to 12 carbon atoms and non-benzene aromatics of 7 to 9 carbon atoms. Said organic solvent and said hydrocarbon solvent are preferably liquid at room temperature. Viscosity of the 0.2% by weight polymer is in excess of 15,000 cps, preferably in excess of 20,000 cps, and its clarity is at least 80%, preferably 85% transmittance. Viscosity of 1% mucilages containing 1% sodium chloride salt is greater than 5,000 cps, preferably greater than 8,000 cps.

Abstract: The invention relates to a soluble, cross-linkable acrylate copolymer which is obtainable by copolymerization of more than 3 to 30% by weight of monomers having at least two polymerizable, olefinically unsaturated double bonds, from 5 to 50% by weight of monomers having a cross-linkable group, with the exception of hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups, and from 20 to 92% by weight of further monomers having a polymerizable, olefinically unsaturated double bond, the sum of the monomers being 100% by weight. The invention furthermore relates to processes for the preparation of acrylate copolymers and coating agents based on the acrylate copolymers according to the invention.

Abstract: A fluoroelastomer is disclosed which comprises vinylidene fluoride units and hexafluoropropylene units, optionally together with tetrafluoroethylene units, and wherein the amount of tetrafluoroethylene units is 35 to 0% by weight and the weight ratio of vinylidene fluoride units to hexafluoropropylene units is in the range of 80:20 to 40:60. The fluoroelastomer has a relatively low limiting viscosity number and a specific molecular weight distribution. The fluoroelastomer has excellent processability, e.g., excellent roll processability, mold release characteristics and metal-adhesion properties, and is capable of providing a vulcanized rubber having excellent mechanical strength and compression set resistance. The vulcanized rubber is advantageous in the manufacture of O-rings, oil seals, packings, gaskets, diaphragm materials and the like.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process to improve the organoleptic behavior and the physical characteristics of leather by the use of aqueous solutions of copolymers of 90 to 20%-wt acrylic acid or methyacrylic acid, as well as 10 to 80%-wt of a monomer of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen or methyl; R.sub.2 and R.sub.3, which are equal or different, are methyl or ethyl; x stands for an optionally branched alkylene radical with 1 to 5 carbon atoms; the amine nitrogen is optionally neutralized or quaternized; and the molecular weight of the copolymer, measured at a pH of 8.0, is less than 100,000. The concentration of the copolymer in the aqueous solution is 0.02 to 10%-wt, relative to the shaved weight of the leather.

Abstract: Amorphous copolymers of perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole with at least one fluoro comonomer selected from one or more of ten defined classes having a recited minimum mole proportion of perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole, in no event less than 65%, have high glass transition temperatures of 140.degree. C. or higher, low indices of refraction, and good physical properties, and low dielectric constants, which make them suitable for cladding optical fibers as well as for many electronics applications, including the manufacture of substrates for circuit boards. They all are soluble at room temperature in perfluoro(2-butyltetrahydrofuran), which makes it practical to apply them as coatings from solution.

Abstract: Articles made from amorphous dipolymers of perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole with tetrafluoroethylene having high glass transition temperatures of 140.degree. C. or higher, low indices of refraction, and good physical properties, and low dielectric constants, include, among others, substrates for circuit boards, composites, sheets and films, optical lenses, and electronic current carrying devices.

Abstract: Peroxide-curable fluoroelastomers are prepared in the presence of iodinated compounds, with iodine bonding to a substantial number of terminal positions on the fluoroelastomer, and comprising up to 3 weight percent of bromine-containing units selected from fluoroolefins and perfluoroalkyl perfluorovinyl ethers, and complementally at least 97 weight percent of either units of vinylidene fluoride, one or more fluoroolefins, and optionally perfluoroalkyl perfluorovinyl ethers, or units of tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkyl perfluorovinyl ether, and ethylene. The resulting fluoroelastomers have improved processability, excellent strength and compression set properties, and are useful in the preparation of injection molded shaft seals, gaskets and other molded parts. The fluoroelastomer is prepared by a continuous emulsion polymerization process.

Abstract: A resin having a low specific gravity, an excellent impact resistance and a high refractive index can be produced by radical polymerization of a polymerizable monomer mixture composed essentially of [I] at least one polymerizable monomer selected from the group consisting of specific polyfunctional (meth)acrylates, [II] at least one polymerizable monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene and alpha-methylstyrene, and [III] at least one polymerizable monomer selected from the group consisting of unsaturated nitriles. This invention provides an optical material composed of said resin, especially, a lens.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a copolymer of acrylic or methacrylic acid and a hydroxyalkyl acrylate or methacrylate, to cement admixture compositions containing said polymer and to hydraulic cement compositions containing said admixture. The copolymer is composed of from 20 to 40 mole percent of an alkali metal salt of acrylic or methacrylic acid either as the free acid or as their alkali or alkaline earth metal salt and from 60 to 80 mole percent of hydroxyalkyl acrylate or methacrylate; said polymer having a weight average molecular weight of at least 70,000.