Abstract: The cooling of a stream of hot product gas exiting from an outlet opening of a gasification reactor is made by way of two separate partial streams of cooling fluid such as a cooling gas, vapor or liquid. The first partial stream of the cooling fluid is fed from the outside substantially in a radial direction against an outer layer of the product gas stream. The second partial stream of cooling liquid is fed axially in a counter direction to the product gas stream to impinge against a central portion thereof. In this manner the path of mixing of the product gas with the cooling fluid is substantially shortened.

Abstract: A method of reducing the amount of gaseous sulfur compounds released during combustion of sulfur-containing fuel, comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a mixture of sulfur containing particulate fuel and a sulfur absorbent, such as calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, lime, limestone, dolomite, or mixtures thereof; (b) exposing the mixture to a reducing atmosphere at a temperature of at least about 1500.degree. F., so as to convert at least a portion of the particulate fuel into a gaseous portion and a solid, char portion; and (c) combusting the char portion, thereby forming an ash containing sulfur fixed therein.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a gas suitable for the production of energy, out of coal. The coal is gasified in counterflow with air-blast in a gasifier, and the gas generated is then mixed with a gas containing oxygen, in a ratio such that the quotient CO.sub.2 /CO in the resultant gas does not exceed 0.1, in order to crack tar substances occurring in the gas. The gas is thereafter introduced into a dolomite or lime shaft for removal of sulphur compounds, any remaining tar substances and to gasify any accompanying coal particles not yet gasified.

Abstract: In apparatus for carrying out a method of manufacturing optical fibre preforms by causing a chemical reaction to take place in a gaseous reaction mixture so as to form a coating on a glass substrate wherein the reaction is promoted by the production of a plasma, a non-volatile component of the reaction mixture is held within a dispenser tube so that when it is evaporated by applying heat, it travels through perforations in the dispenser tube and reacts with the other components of the gaseous mixture.

Abstract: Decribed is a method of cooling partial oxidation gas exiting at a temperature between 1,000.degree. and 1,700.degree. C. from a conically converging outlet portion of a reactor vessel into a subsequent tubular cooling zone. To prevent deposition of sticky molten impurities entrained in the gas stream on the walls in the transition region between the reactor vessel and the cooling zone, the outlet portion of the reactor vessel is provided with a ring-shaped slot for injecting at an angle between 0.degree. to 90.degree. a frustoconical stream of cooling fluid. Another ring-shaped slot is provided in the cooling zone to inject at an angle between 70.degree. to 90.degree. another frustoconical stream of cooling fluid into the cooling zone.

Abstract: The process for cooling raw gas obtained from partial oxidation of carbon-containing material by way of the fluidized-bed method, the fixed-bed method or the entrained-bed method at temperatures above 700.degree. C. and pressures ranging from 1 to 120 bar, the carbon-containing material being coal, peat or any other carbon-containing solid, while the oxidizing agent is oxygen, air, water and/or another oxygen-containing matter, to provide a solution to the problem of avoiding fouling and corrosion downstream heat exchangers. This aim is achieved in that raw gas is cooled direct to temperatures ranging from 100.degree.-500.degree. C. in a downstream fluidized-bed cooler using solid additives such as sand.

Abstract: A fuel reforming apparatus includes a reaction tube for causing endothermic reaction for converting a fuel gas with hydrocarbon, steam, and the like mixed therein into a hydrogen-enriched gas using a catalyst, a combustor for generating a combustion gas for heating the reaction tube, a heat insulating layer for preventing the radiation of the combustion gas, and a combustion gas passage disposed around the reaction tube and allowing the combustion gas to flow therethrough, and a passage for air or fuel gas disposed around the fuel gas passage, a heat insulating layer being disposed around the outer peripheral surface of this passage.

Abstract: The heat required for the steam reforming reaction is generated by flameless catalytic combustion. The heat thus-generated is passed to a steam reforming reactor zone by means of heat pipes.

Abstract: A silica glass optical fiber is subjected to an external strain which causes vitreous matrix atoms to stabilize in a lower energy condition. In this way inhomogeneity domain sizes and as a consequence the attenuation due to Rayleigh scattering, depending on such inhomogeneity, are reduced.

Abstract: A gasifier system for obtaining relatively clean combustible gaseous products from solid fuel materials, such as processed sewage sludge, comprises a gasifier reactor which communicates a raw, combustible gas to a cyclone separator, a gas scrubbing device and a gas cooling and drying device. Gas which exits the system is relatively clean and may be used in a prime mover for the production of energy.The gasifier reactor of the present invention is a down-draft fixed bed gasifier. The gasifier is constructed of several interconnected modular units. Moreover, the gasifier is constructed so as to efficiently gasify fuel materials while maintaining excellent horizontal temperature control.

Abstract: A method for gasifying or combusting solid, carbonaceous material in a circulating fluidized bed reactor. Particles are separated from the product gas at least in two stages so that in the first stage, mainly coarser, so-called circulating particles are separted and returned to the reactor. In the second stage, fine carbonaceous particlates are separated from the gas and are made to agglomerate at a raised temperature. Coarser particles thus recieved are returned to the reactor through a return duct together with circulating particles. Adhesion of agglomerating particles to the walls of the duct is prevented preferably by leading hot particulates to the center of the duct and circulating particles to the walls of the duct.

Abstract: A plurality of double pipe heat exchangers are used for primary reforming in a combined primary and secondary reforming process and apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling emissions of a coal fired boiler includes a hot catalytic baghouse for receiving flue gases along with injected ammonia and alkali. The alkali and ammonia react with SO.sub.x and NO.sub.x in the flue gas while particulates in the flue gas are trapped in the baghouse. The still hot but clean flue gases are supplied from the baghouse to a heat pipe air heater which also receives combustion air to be preheated before it is supplied to the boiler for combustion with coal to produce the flue gases.

Abstract: A silica glass optical fiber is subjected to an external strain which causes vitreous matrix atoms to stabilize in a lower energy condition. In this way inhomogeneity domain sizes and as a consequence the attenuation due to Rayleigh scattering, depending on such inhomogeneity, are reduced.

Abstract: In a process and apparatus for the production of gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from a solid fuel in a fluidized bed, the solid particles contained in the product gas are separated off in a cyclone separator and recycled to the fluidized bed by way of a recycling conduit. The recycling conduit is provided with injection nozzles for introducing gas flows into the recycling conduit in a pulse-like manner in order to loosen up the particles therein. The gas flows may be introduced into the recycling conduit in displaced relationship in respect of time in such a way that, of two adjacent injection locations, gas is injected through the injection location which is arranged at a greater spacing from the reactor at a later time than at the injector location which is closer to the reactor.

Abstract: A gas generator for an air bag, which can be manufactured in an advantageous manner, has at least two tubular pressure tanks wherein materials that release gas are combusted. The pressure tanks are connected radially with a central member containing an igniter element. The gas-releasing material fills up a tubular interior extensively in the form of stackable molded elements adapted to fit within the pressure tank. In most cases, an adequate path for the ignition vapors is constituted by a central channel within each element, while in case of rod-shaped molded elements, such adequate path is represented by the "natural" cavities; additionally, a free surface area should exist between the elements and may be provided by nubs and/or indentations on the lateral faces of these molded elements.

Abstract: A multi-stage catalytic olefin upgrading reactor system for converting lower olefinic feedstock to heavier liquid hydrocarbon product.

Abstract: A method for the pyrolytic production of synthetic gas from components of solid materials, including selected segregated post-consumed waste materials, within a pyrolytic gasifier operably heated by an associated furnace, which includes the steps of: preparing the materials for use as furnace fuel; preparing the materials for use as pyrolytically decomposable gassifier fuel by material proparation means; conveying the materials from the material preparation means to material segregation means by material conveying means operably associated therebetween; segregating the materials into selected segregated components of the gassifier fuel by the material segregation means; delivering the components of gasifier fuel into a desired gasifier fuel formula component ratio by gasifier fuel delivery means so as to comprise a gasifier fuel formula mixture; and compacting the gasifier fuel mixture by compacting means operably connected to gasifier fuel delivery means, so as to substantially eliminate entrapped oxygen and

Abstract: The invention relates to the preparation of fruit for use in packaged dry foods, such as mixes and ready to eat cereal. A method of infusing high levels of liquid humectant into fruits such as raisins, without generating a stream of waste humectant, is disclosed. The method comprises applying a relatively high level of liquid humectant as a surface coating, and allowing the raisins to stand for enough time for most of the humectant to be absorbed into the fruit, before admixing the resulting fruit the dry food for packaging.For dry foods having very low Water Activity levels, e.g. 0.30 and below, special means are disclosed for increasing the liquid humectant carrying capacity of the fruit, in order to accommodate very high levels of liquid humectant as a topical application, for infusion during a period of time in which the raisins are standing, e.g. during storage or shipment.

Abstract: A method of and a device for manufacturing an optical fiber with a protective coating. A cooling device cools the fiber after drawing from a preform. The cooling device comprises a forced-cooled double-walled tube. In the space enclosed by the inner tube through which the fiber to be cooled is passed, a gas is present which has good heat-transporting properties. The gas may be, for example, helium. Cooling of the fiber takes place by heat dissipation via the helium to the forced-cooled tube wall.