Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel is composed of a plurality of panel elements. The panel elements are arranged in matrix form in a plane. Each element comprises an upper flexible substrate having a plurality of electric terminals formed thereon and a lower flexible substrate having a plurality of electric terminals formed thereon. Two adjacent panel elements are arranged in such a manner that the terminals of the upper substrate are electrically connected to the terminals of the lower substrate through a conductive resin layer disposed therebetween.

Abstract: A projection type liquid crystal display unit has dichroic mirrors capable of dividing a light from a light source into R, G and B components which are guided along respective light paths. Each of at least two of these light paths in provided with an optical system which includes a pair of polarizing plates, a twist nematic liquid crystal and at least one phase plate. The angles of the retardation phase axis of the phase plate and light-interruption axes of the polarizing plates or, alternatively, the retardation of the phase plate is determined so as to improve the light-interruption of the liquid crystal panel in light-interruption mode, thereby enhancing contrast of the display image.

Abstract: An optical shutter operated device includes a reflector to reflect incident light and a liquid crystal light shutter interposed in front of the reflector. A photovoltaic cell is disposed behind the shutter and is illuminated by the incident light thereby supplying a control voltage to the liquid crystal light shutter for causing it to alternate cyclically between a relatively transparent state and a relatively opaque state.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an active matrix-type liquid crystal display using a horizontal MIM device as a non-linear resistance device. The layers of the metal-insulator-metal elements are formed in a horizontal direction and use a hard carbon film as the insulator layer of the horizontal MIM device. The hard carbon film comprises carbon and hydrogen and a constituent element such as a group III element, group IV element, group V element, alkali metal element, alkaline earth metal element, nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, chalcogen atoms or halogen atoms, and has typical specific resistivities of from 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.13 ohm.cm. The claimed devices are economical to produce and substantially free from short circuits caused by pinholes or voids in the insulator layer. In a preferred embodiment, the electrodes of the MIM device are inter-digital in shape.

Abstract: Illuminating light from a light source is reflected by a reflector and collimated by a condenser lens and then applied onto the back of a liquid crystal cell. The liquid crystall cell has attached on its light source side an optical sheet which consists of a large number of optical elements such as convex or concave lenses aligned with picture elements or pixels of the liquid crystal cell. The optical elements each converge the rays of light from the light source onto each of the pixels, so that the rays that would otherwise strike a matrix circuit section and a black matrix layer will be focused on and passed through the pixels. This enhances the brightness of an image formed on the front of the liquid crystal cell and also prevents temperature rise in the liquid crystal cell because the black matrix layer and the matrix circuit section, components of the liquid crystal cell, are not struck and heated by the incoming light rays.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device incorporating ferroelectric liquid crystal medium having smectic layers between two supporting plates provided with electrodes, the smectic layers exhibiting a spread of angles with respect to at least one of the supporting plates, whereby a gradual transmission/voltage characteristic is achieved. The spread of angles can be obtained by any of several techniques, such as subjecting the device to a low frequency electric field, or a local thermal, mechanical, chemical or magnetic treatment.

Abstract: In a polychromatic liquid crystal display, apparatus and method for improving the off-axis viewing characteristics are described. The angle of view can be expanded by appropriate selection of the thickness and the birefringence parameter of the liquid crystal material as a function of the color of the liquid crystal display pixel. In order to improve further the angle of view, retardation films are used to reduce the angular dependence of the radiation. The retardation films reduce the background light leakage by compensating for the change in retardation of the liquid crystal display at angles other than normal to the display. The reduction in the background light leakage results in improved contrast ratio and chromaticity.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus is provided with a liquid crystal panel comprising a pair of substrates each provided with an electrode and a liquid crystal disposed between the pair of substrates. A supporting member having a frame supports the liquid crystal panel, and an elastic member for secures the liquid crystal panel in a floating state to the frame of the supporting member so as to define an almost closed space enclosed with the liquid crystal panel, the supporting member and the elastic member. A backlight illuminates the liquid crystal panel below the supporting member so as to define the almost closed space enclosed with the liquid crystal panel, the supporting member, the elastic member and the backlight.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises first and second substrates disposed to face each other, first and second electrodes formed on the both substrates to opposed to each other and forming a display region, signal leads formed on the second substrate and connected to the second electrodes, a seal surrounding the display region between the substrates and connecting together the substrates, a driving circuit provided between outer edges of the display region and those of the seal and connected to the leads, for generating a driving signal and supplying the signal to the wires in response to externally input display data, and a liquid crystal material sealed in a space surrounded by the substrates and seal.

Abstract: A transflective liquid crystal display provides a high quality color image and efficient energy utilization. A layer of liquid cyrstal material is controlled by a transparent electrode matrix. A matrix of (primary color emitting) phosphors is aligned with a matrix of transparent electrodes for controlling the shuttering of the liquid crystal layer. A source of fluorescent energy excites the phosphors. A first dichroic filter and a second dichroic filter are located behind the liquid crystal layer. The first filter reflects untraviolet light and transmits visible light while the second filter transmits ultraviolet light and reflects visible light. The two filters are arrayed so that the phosphors are efficiently energized by the ultraviolet light source while ambient illumination is utilized, the display thereby providing both transmissive and reflective modes of operation.

Abstract: An active matrix liquid crystal display device has diamond-shaped pixels arrayed in a close-packed arrangement, and interconnected by row and column electrodes which zigzag between the pixels, each column electrode extending between and being common to two columns of pixels and their associated thin film switches, and the column electrode-switch connections alternating sequentially between pixel columns.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an MIM device having a hard carbon film as the insulator. The hard carbon film contains at least one of the following elements: a group III element, a group IV element, a group V element, an alkali metal element, an alkaline earth metal element, nitrogen, oxygen, a chalcogen element or a halogen element.

Abstract: An active matrix liquid crystal display panel is composed of a number of liquid crystal display elements arranged in the form a matrix, each of the liquid crystal display elements being composed of an individual display electrode, a common electrode, and a liquid crystal material sandwiched between the individual display electrode and the common electrode. The individual display electrode of each of the liquid crystal display elements is selectively activated through an associated active element. A liquid crystal display element connected to a defective active element is modified by burning the associated color filter and/or heating the liquid crystal to render the liquid crystal translucent to become a half tone display element, so that the liquid crystal display element connected to the defective active element becomes overshadowed or inconspicuous when the display panel is in operation.

Abstract: An improved liquid crystal device is described. The distance between a pair of substrates is kept constant by means of spacers interposed therebetween. The spacers consist of two kinds of spacers. One kind of spacers is fusable and functions to prevent the distance from expanding. The other kind of spacers is non-fusable and functions to prevent the distance from contracting.

Abstract: A liquid crystal light valve, comprising a layer of liquid crystal for storing image information and a photoconductor aligned with the liquid crystal and positioned in closed proximity thereto for effecting an electric field applied across the liquid crystal. Apparatus is provided for simultaneously applying an electric field across the liquid crystal and photoconductor while impinging optical image information on the photoconductor, the photoconductor and applied field combining to produce a modified electric field across the liquid crystal which impresses the image information on the photoconductor into the liquid crystal.

Abstract: Ferroelectric liquid crystal screen with opacified electrodes in the non-switchable area of the screen and processes for obtaining spacers and treating said screen.On each part of each row or column electrode of the screen, facing a gap separating two column or row electrodes is arranged an element (40,50) preventing the passage through the screen of light reaching the latter in the direction of the element. The elements located on the row electrodes (32) or those located on the column electrodes (34) also permit the spacing, without electrical connection, of the screen plates and the localization of the zigzag defects which the liquid crystal may have, in or in the vicinity of the non-switchable area of the screen. The screen is appropriately heated and an alternating voltage is applied between the electrodes in order to localize the zigzag defects of the liquid crystal in the vicinity of the spacing elements.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a base supporting a laminate which has an LC-layer (liquid crystal layer) formed of polymeric material holding micro-volumes of liquid crystal material, and a conductive layer on one surface of the LC-layer, the other surface of the LC-layer being substantially conductor-free, and apparatus for transitory application of potential through the LC-layer to the conductive layer to produce an image. The LC-layer has at least about 50% by weight of the polymeric material and less than 50% of the liquid crystal material by weight of the LC-layer, and the duration of image retention after transitory application of potential ceases is significantly extended.

Abstract: A dot matrix type liquid crystal display device having two groups of mutually crossing parallel electrodes sandwiching a liquid crystal layer, the electrodes of one group having an aperture at each electrode crossing area along the direction of and centrally at the electrode of the other group. The electric field at the aperture portion is constantly slanted to a predetermined direction to present uniform and wide stable display areas.

Abstract: In a color liquid crystal display device of the invention, light-blocking members of predetermined configurations (characters, graphics etc.) are disposed on the surface of one side of a liquid crystal display element, that is to say the surface on the side opposite to the light source, and the predetermined configurations are displayed on the color liquid crystal display device by blocking the light from the light source with the light-blocking members. Further, a light-scattering plate is disposed between the light source and the liquid crystal display element, or between the liquid crystal display element and the light-blocking members. It is possible to allow transmission of a part of the light blocked by the light-blocking members by scattering the light which is transmitted through the liquid crystal display element with the arrangement of the light-scattering plate.

Abstract: A spatial-light modulator provided with a first electrode formed by a transparent member that receives irradiation of write light corresponding to an optical image in order to form a charge image; a second electrode formed by a transparent member to receive read light irradiated in order to read a formed charge image and to discharge output light equivalent to a read charge image; an optical modulation layer provided to the first electrode side of the second electrode and formed by polymer dispersed liquid crystal material in order to change the intensity distribution of the read light irradiated via the second electrode in accordance with an electrical field intensity distribution due to the charge image; a photoconductive member provided between the first electrode and the optical modulation layer, formed with two different materials of at least amorphous silicon carbide and amorphous silicon as the primary components, and formed in a plural number of layers and having a laminated structure having an optica