Abstract: A lead-free solder which is comprised of three elements Sn-Cu-Ni. Cu and Ni are 0.1-2 wt % and 0.002-1 wt % respectively. Preferable weight percentage of Cu and Ni are 0.3 to 0.7 percent and 0.04 to 0.1 percent respectively. Both methods of additive Ni to a base alloy of Sn—Cu and additive Cu to a base alloy of Sn—Ni are applicable.

Abstract: Fine aluminum powders are prepared by decomposing alane-adducts in organic solvents under an inert atmosphere to provide highly uniform particles and believed particularly effective as fuels and additives, in pyrotechnics, and in energetic materials. Effective adduct species are trialkyl amines and tetramethylethylenediamine, ethers and other aromatic amines. Effective production is obtained at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures as low as 50° C. with xylene solvent. Toluene, dioxane, and tetramethylethylenediamine were also effective solvents. Aliphatic solvents and other aromatic and polar solvents are believed effective. Titanium catalyst was provided as a halide, amide, and alkoxide; and it is believed that the corresponding compounds of zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum are effective as catalysts. Particle size was controlled by varying catalyst concentration and by varying the concentration of an adducting species.

Abstract: A composition useful for the extraction of metals and metalloids comprises (a) carbon dioxide fluid (preferably liquid or supercritical carbon dioxide); and (b) a polymer in the carbon dioxide, the polymer having bound thereto a ligand that binds the metal or metalloid; with the ligand bound to the polymer at a plurality of locations along the chain length thereof (i.e., a plurality of ligands are bound at a plurality of locations along the chain length of the polymer). The polymer is preferably a copolymer, and the polymer is preferably a fluoropolymer such as a fluoroacrylate polymer. The extraction method comprises the steps of contacting a first composition containing a metal or metalloid to be extracted with a second composition, the second composition being as described above; and then extracting the metal or metalloid from the first composition into the second composition.

Abstract: A system for establishing and maintaining a supersonic coherent gas jet, effective with either an oxidizing or an inert gas, employing a converging/diverging nozzle for establishment of a non-disruptive initial supersonic velocity, and a slower moving defined triple layered flame envelope coaxial with the jet for effective maintenance of the supersonic velocity. The invention is particularly useful for providing gas into a pool of liquid.

Abstract: The tundish flux composition of the invention employs solid recycled ladle metallurgy furnace (LMF) slag as a fluidizing and refining base ingredient in a mixture of raw materials. The preferred recycled LMF slag material comprises about 35% to about 65% CaO, about 10% to about 35% Al2O3, about 1% to about 10% SiO2, about 3% to about 15% MgO, about 0.3% to about 10% FeO, about 0.1% to about 5% MnO, about 0.1% to about 0.15% P2O5, and about 0.1% to about 0.5% S. The tundish flux composition comprises from about 10% to about 80% of recycled LMF slag with the balance being raw materials selected from a calcium oxide source, a fluorine source, a magnesium oxide source, a carbon source, a silica source, a sodium source, a potassium source, and mixtures of these raw materials.

Abstract: A process for preparing an oxide thin film which has a crystalline, clean and smooth surface on a substrate. The process is conducted by using an apparatus comprising a vacuum chamber in which an oxidizing gas of O2 including O3 can be supplied near the substrate so that pressure around the substrate can be increased while maintaining high vacuum near an evaporation source and Knudsen cell evaporation sources arranged in the vacuum chamber wherein the substrate is heated, molecular beam of constituent atoms of the oxide excluding oxygen are supplied from the K cell evaporation sources, an oxidizing gas is locally supplied to the vicinity of the substrate and a growing thin film is illuminated by ultraviolet.

Abstract: A separator for use in a direct reduction reactor comprises an elongated tubular housing having a cooling chamber for receiving a cooling medium for cooling the internal wall surface of the separator contacted by metallized iron fines.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting deposition of material on a wall of a chemical vapor deposition reactor includes providing a chemical vapor deposition reactor having a wall which has an inside facing surface, the inside facing surface at least partially defining a chemical vapor deposition reactor chamber; forming a first material atop the inside facing surface; positioning a substrate in the chemical vapor deposition a reactor chamber, the substrate having an outer surface; and chemical vapor depositing a second material layer on the substrate in a manner which is selective to the substrate outer surface, and not the first material, thereby restricting deposition of the second layer on the reactor inside facing surface.

Abstract: A steel production method including preparing reduced iron pellets, taking a first portion of the reduced iron pellets and charging the first portion of the reduced iron pellets in a submerged electrical arc furnace such that a sufficient amount of hot metal is produced to efficiently melt and charge a second portion of the reduced iron pellets in an electrical arc furnace, and melting and charging the second portion of reduced iron pellets in the electrical arc furnace, thereby producing steel, wherein the first and second portions of the reduced iron pellets have a ratio between 30 to 70 wt. %.

Abstract: In order to prevent aging of an Sn--Zn system alloy solder paste, 0.5-5% by weight of a compound obtained by adding an ethylene oxide to cyclohexylamine, preferably together with 0.5-5% by weight of a polyoxyethylene alkylamine is added to a flux of said solder paste.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for pyrometallurgical processing, in a furnace chamber, of metal-containing waste which may also contain a quantity of organic material. The process involves a reducing gas being blown with high velocity onto the surface of the smelt in which the metal oxides are present in the molten state, the reducing gas being made by incomplete combustion of a fuel and/or the organic material and an oxygen-containing gas. Additionally, steam and/or an oxygen-rich gas such as almost pure oxygen are injected, roughly parallel to the surface of the smelt, into the oven chamber above said surface. The total amount of oxygen used in the furnace chamber is lower than the amount required stoichiometrically for complete combustion of the organic material together with the fuel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a layered structure with at least one epitaxial, non-c-axis oriented high Tc superconductor (HTSC) thin film with an approximately tetragonal structure, in which the thin film having an orientation (-1,0,1) is formed on a cubic or pseudocubic (1,0,3) NdGaO.sub.3 substrate.

Abstract: A method for forming SbSI thin films is formed. In the first step of the method, a substrate (14) is provided. Next a buffer layer (16) is formed on the substrate (14). Then, a SbSI source (12) is provided. The SbSI source (12) and buffer layer (16) with substrate (14) are placed in an ampoule (10). The ampoule is heated in a two-zone furnace (11). This causes the SbSI source (12) to form a vapor which reacts with the buffer layer (14) to form a thin film of SbSI.

Abstract: A process is provided for pelletising a metal ore comprising forming an intimate mixture of particulate ore and a binder in the presence of moisture, forming green pellets by agitation of the mixture and firing the green pellets to produce ore pellets. In the process the binder comprises a hydroxamate polymer made from water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomer or monomer blend and which has pendant groups of the formula ##STR1## This provides advantages in wet strength, dry strength and drop number of pellets, especially at low moisture content of the pellets.

Abstract: The present invention includes a method of oxygenating an oxide superconductive material having an initial oxygen content, the method comprising the steps: (a) obtaining an oxide superconductive material, the material having an initial oxygen content; and (b) placing the oxide superconductive material in contact an oxygen-containing media having an oxygen chemical potential greater than that of pure diatomic oxygen at 1 atmosphere pressure and at 300.degree. C., and raising the temperature of the oxide superconductive material to a temperature above about 400.degree. C., and maintaining the oxide superconductive material at the temperature and under the chemical potential of oxygen for sufficient time so as to alter the oxygen content of the oxide superconductive material from the initial oxygen content.

Abstract: A composite silicon dioxide layer with a reduced dielectric constant is formed by enhancing the surface sensitivity of a PECVD liner layer with activated oxygen. Pores form in an SACVD layer of silicon dioxide deposited from a TEOS precursor over the sensitized PECVD layer. The pores reduce the dielectric constant of the composite layer. Activated oxygen is provided to the PECVD layer in the form of ozone or an oxygen-based plasma.

Abstract: An ion deposition sputtering process for producing a titanium nitride film having a resistivity less than about 70 .mu..OMEGA.-cm is disclosed, which comprises the steps of: (1) adjusting a percentage of ionization of a gas phase mixture to a predetermined range by adjusting the power to an ionization source; and (2) adjusting a deposition rate of said film on a substrate to a predetermined range so that a combination of said percentage of ionization of said deposition mixture and said deposition rate produces said film.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for solar heating a leach solution prior to its distribution over an ore heap. The apparatus includes a distribution mat having a series of individual emitter tubes joined by heat absorbing panels. The heat absorbing panels collect and transfer the absorbed solar energy to the leach solution passing through the emitter tubes. The temperature of the leach solution passing through the emitter tubes is elevated above ambient prior to the leach solution percolating down through the ore heap. The distribution mat formed by the plurality of emitter tubes and heat absorbing panels is formed from a flexible material, thereby allowing the distribution mat to be rolled and unrolled during application to the ore heap.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for the production of steel utilizing a single vessel for the electric arc smelting of scrap, directly reduced iron or pig iron in solid form, and for the oxygen blowing of the resulting melt through an oxygen lance introduced via a tower-shaped part of the roof. Another part of the roof can pivot to allow charging of the furnace with solids and the tower can be provided with a funnel enabling a molten iron charge to be fed to the furnace.

Abstract: The present invention is an integrated process and apparatus for supplying at least a portion of the reducing gas feedstock to a reduction reactor, such as a reactor for the direct reduction of iron, wherein the reducing gas contacts a feed material at a mean operating gas pressure and effects reduction of the feed material to provide a reduced product. The integrated process includes gasifying a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock in a partial oxidation reaction to produce a synthesis gas which comprises hydrogen, and carbon monoxide at a pressure substantially greater than the mean operating gas pressure in the reduction reactor. The synthesis gas is expanded to lower its pressure to substantially the mean operating gas pressure in the DRI reduction reactor to thereby form the reducing gas feedstock at the pressure conditions used for the DRI reaction.