Abstract: Liquid mixtures are used as the active medium in two-photon resonant four-wave mixing processes to achieve efficient nonlinear conversion of infrared laser frequencies. The resonant energy levels involved in these four-wave mixing processes are Raman-active vibrational modes of a molecular species which is one of the major constituents of the liquid mixture. Additional molecular and/or atomic constituents are added to the active molecular species to adjust the dispersion of the medium to optimize the nonlinear process. Diluents further may be used to fine-tune the two-photon resonance parameters to better match available infrared laser sources.

Abstract: An electrical testing pin characterized by a crown with an inner contact area and a plurality of outer contact areas, the former extending longitudinally beyond the latter.

Abstract: An apparatus for monitoring, analyzing and accurately determining the value of peak current, the peak rate of change in current with respect to time and the rise time of the electrical currents generated in an electrical conductive mast that is located in the vicinity where lightning is to be monitored. The apparatus includes an electrical coil for sensing the change in current flowing through the mast and generating a voltage responsive thereto. An on-site recorder and a recorder control system records the voltages produced responsive to lightning strikes and converts the voltage to digital signals for being transmitted back to the remote command station responsive to command signals. The recorder and the recorder control system are carried within an RFI proof environmental housing into which the command signals are fed by means of a fiber optic cable so as to minimize electrical interference.

Abstract: The automatic range selection circuit is particularly useful with a photomultiplier tube linear microphotometer and includes an amplifier, adjustable and switchable impedances coupled between an input and an output of the amplifier for adjusting the gain thereof, two comparators for comparing the output from the amplifier with upper and lower reference voltage levels, an integrator for integrating the output of the comparators, and an analog control circuit responsive to the output signal level at the output of the integrator for controlling the amount of impedance coupled between the input and output of the amplifier thereby to automatically adjust the gain thereof.

Abstract: Apparatus for attachment to watt-hour meter apparatus of the type commonly used to measure electrical power consumption, to prevent from being misinstalled so as to run the meter backwards. A first obstruction member or members are provided within the box which receives the watt-hour meter, and a second obstruction member is secured to the meter. These obstructions are asymmetrically disposed with respect to mating electrical contacts on the meter and within the meter box, so that the obstructions on the meter and in the meter box confront one another and prevent the meter from being installed in an inverted position which causes the meter to run backwards.

Abstract: A highly sensitive method and system for making absolute measurements of er at all radio frequencies is described. This method surmounts the primary shortcoming of the other existing methods in that it permits absolute measurement of power at all radio frequencies, whereas all other methods except one, viz, the so-called incremental method, (described in our co-pending application), are inherently frequency limited, with the current upper limit being about 75 GHz. This major advantage stems from the fact that this method utilizes a direct comparison of the unknown rf power with a primary standard, whereas the other methods (with the exception of the incremental method) require a conversion of the power to heat before making the comparison. The main advantage of this method over the incremental method is that it has much higher sensitivity, permitting absolute measurement of rf power to be made down to about -100 dBm, as compared with only about -10 dBm for the incremental method.

Abstract: A chuck for use in the testing of semiconductor wafers comprising first and second pluralities of electrically conductive members alternately arranged to provide a wafer receiving surface. The members are substantially completely electrically isolated from each other. Electric power leads and measurement sensing leads are provided to the first plurality of conductive members and the second plurality of conductive members respectively.

Abstract: A proposed digital device for measuring instantaneous parameter values of slowly varying processes comprises a time-to-voltage converter. The first output of said converter is connected to the control input of a hyperbolic function generator and the second output of said converter is connected to the command input of the hyperbolic function generator. The hyperbolic function generator comprises a controlled pulse generator, with a linear modulation characteristic, and a start-stop circuit. The first input of the start-stop circuit is connected to the output of the controlled pulse generator and its second input is connected to the command input of the hyperbolic function generator. The output of the start-stop circuit, which is the output of the hyperbolic function generator, is connected to a counter-indicator unit. The device of the present invention sharply reduces the measurement and analysis time and makes it possible to connect measuring instruments to a computer.

Abstract: An x-ray tube including an evacuated envelope having therein a rotatable anode target comprised of a cup-shaped body having a sloped inner wall provided with an annular groove wherein a plurality of pinlike members form an x-ray generating focal track, the members interfitting with the groove at their upper ends and being retained in place at their lower ends by a circumferentially extending removable band or spaced retainers enabling the members to be more easily assembled and retained in place.

Abstract: The invention contemplates a combination of laser source and Raman cell construction whereby a wide uninterrupted spectrum of radiation is obtainable, providing Stokes-Raman emission which extends from the laser-radiation wavelength and far into the infrared region. This is achieved by devising a laser-radiation spectral capability which spans a wavelength range corresponding to the Raman displacement for the particular cell.

Abstract: A detector for measuring relative movement and/or displacement between two relatively movable members comprises a linear array of steel balls, or other suitable longitudinal element of which the magnetic permeability varies cylically in a longitudinal direction, mounted on one of the members, and a transducer on the other member. The transducer is arranged to produce a magnetic field through the balls, preferably across the line thereof, and includes at least two pick-up coils spaced along the line of balls for sensing the variation in the magnetic field due to the presence of the balls, so that the relative spacing of the pick-up coils and the balls enable, on production of the magnetic field, the generation by the pick-up coils of output signals denoting the relative movement between the two members.

Abstract: A device to facilitate electrical measurement, including step-and-repeat measurement of minute circuits on a semiconductor wafer by placing the wafer in a specific, angular and cartesian coordinate position with respect to a certain orientation of a disc-like pallet of somewhat larger diameter than the wafer. The apparatus includes a stack of available pallets, each having an indexing portion, arms to engage the pallet in turn and to interfit with the indexing portion, a translational motion device to move the arms and pallet to another specific location to receive the wafer, a controllable section device to hold the wafer and to rotate it about a vertical axis, and a further controlled guide device to move the arms and wafer in specific X and Y directions to a predetermined orientation. The device includes a connection between each pallet and an evacuating apparatus to affix the wafer to the pallet by suction when the wafer is released from the suction device on the orienting structure.

Abstract: An improved arc tube end seal and the method of forming that seal in a high pressure sodium discharge lamp is disclosed. The method includes precoating the refractory metal end cap with a slurry of metallic silicon and baking the end cap prior to accomplishing the bonding of the end cap to the arc tube with a conventional sealing frit.

Abstract: An electrical signal analyzing circuit for manually controlling the durational sequencing of an integrator circuit for providing visual readout of test signal divergence and maximum peak voltage levels. The integrator circuit is first time delay activatable for a predetermined duration according to a counter circuitry having a preselectable end of time count. The admittance of a variable amplitude test signal to the analyzing circuit is controllable according to a second time delay for a duration determined by the end of time count.

Abstract: A camera lens forms an image of an object on an image plane. First and second mirrors produce respective first and second detection images of the object on respective first and second arrays of light sensors. These arrays form portions of an integrated circuit chip. One of the mirrors is moved throughout a scanning period to move its image on the corresponding array. A signal processing circuit receives the outputs of the light sensors and produces an output signal which experiences peaks for certain positions of the moved mirror. A circuit which receives the output signal produces a pulse for each peak which is larger than all previous peaks in the scanning period. One of the mirror positions causes the light distributions of the images to be in best correspondence on the arrays. This mirror position represents the existing object distance and produces a maximum one of the peaks, whereby this position produces the last pulse to be produced in the scanning period.

Abstract: Apparatus for continuous-flow resistive-particle counting includes an injection jet directed at a counting or sensing orifice, particle-containing electrolyte being pumped through the jet in an amount which is in excess of the volume flow rate normally passing through the sensing orifice. The orifice therefore only detects and analyzes the particles contained in the injected solution and not in the bulk electrolyte disposed within the external vessel. Internal and external electrodes are respectively disposed upon opposite sides of the orifice, that is, within the sensing orifice tube and within the external vessel and the electrical connection between the electrodes is maintained at all times. Performance in measuring erythrocyte and platelet numbers and size is very comparable to that of static, resistive-particle counting.

Abstract: Electronic circuitry senses motion of a load bearing movable element which has a speed relationship as a function of load by establishing a sequence of timing pulses varying in inter-pulse duration time as a function of the movement speed and processes those pulses to produce electronic indicia signals used for control or display purposes. Sampled timing pulses are taken from the sequence to generate a control pulse of predetermined time duration. The control pulse duration is compared with the speed or loading signal comprising a pulse of time duration between sequential timing pulses thereby to produce an indicia analog signal variable over a range of load conditions. The indicia signals is used for display or control functions responsive to the load borne by the movable element within a predetermined analog range.

Abstract: The disclosed apparatus provides a mercury electrode for making non-destructive tests, especially for Schottky-diode tests of semi-conductors such as silicon. By developing vacuum under a test wafer on a support, a column of mercury is drawn into contact with the test wafer through a bore in the support that accurately establishes the area of the contact. The vacuum system also holds the test wafer securely in position, it avoids spillage of mercury, and additional circuit-completing contact can be made to the wafer with independently controlled pressure.

Abstract: In a power distribution system having a first conductor carrying a current I.sub.1 and a second conductor carrying a current I.sub.2, in the same direction as I.sub.1, a differential current detector sensing when .vertline.I.sub.1 -I.sub.2 .vertline. exceeds a predetermined level, I.sub.3. The detector comprises a ferromagnetic yoke having first and second parallel bores accommodating the first and second conductors respectively. The first and second bores are interconnected by a coplanar slot in the yoke which extends transversely therebetween. The yoke further includes a third bore disposed between the first and second bores and orthogonal thereto. A reed capsule switch having two mutually exclusive conductive states extends through the third bore and is responsive to the flux generated by the currents I.sub.1 and I.sub.2, such that when .vertline.I.sub.1 -I.sub.2 .vertline..ltoreq.I.sub.3 the reed switch exhibits one conductive state and when .vertline.I.sub.1 -I.sub.2 .vertline.>I.sub.

Abstract: An electric field sensor for measuring the electric field outside a body having an electrically conductive surface, particularly a hovering aircraft, consists of a sensor element including a plate of electrically conductive material, a slab of dielectric material having a pair of opposite surfaces, a first of the pair of surfaces being fixed to the plate, and an electrometer means positioned within the body adjacent to a second of the pair of surfaces and arranged for measuring the electric field within the slab of dielectric material, the electrometer being calibrated to indicate the electric field outside the body on the basis of the measured electric field within the slab of dielectric material.