Abstract: A fluorescent X-ray film thickness gauge has an X-ray source and a collimator for irradiating a sample with X-rays, and a detector for detecting fluorescent X-rays emitted by the sample. The detector has a cylindrical-shaped housing in which is formed a detector opening for receiving therethrough the fluorescent X-rays to be detected. The detector is rotatable or angularly displaceable about its longitudinal axis to adjust the position of the detector opening relative to the sample so as to effectively minimize variations in the intensity of the detected fluorescent X-rays due to variations in the distance between the sample and the detector.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment includes at least one x-ray tube for the generation of an x-ray beam, a patient support, an image detector, and a control generator--connected with the x-ray tube and the image detector--for the purpose of moving the x-ray beam, and in opposition thereto, the image field of the image detector. There is connected to the control generator a layer height computer which calculates the enlargement from the geometric data for the tomogram. The image detector has a circuit--connected with the layer height computer--for the purpose of fading-in a marking for the dimensions in the layer plane.

Abstract: In a radiation image recording and reproducing method in which a radiation image is once recorded in a stimulable phosphor and then read out and reproduced into a visible image, noise developing in the visible image due to repeated use of the stimulable phosphor is effectively erased by the combined use of first and second erasing steps. The first erasing is conducted to erase the radiation image previously stored in the phosphor, which requires a long period to erase, at an appropriate point of time after the phosphor is once used. The second erasing is carried out quickly to erase the fog, which develops in the phosphor after the first erasing, immediately before the phosphor is to be used for the next radiographic operation.

Abstract: In X-ray tubes comprising a metal grid, it may occur that the necessary emission current cannot be reached in unfavorable circumstances. This situation is improved by the invention in that the high voltage for the X-ray tube is derived from at least three series connected high voltage generators, the first and the second generator being connected to the anode and the cathode, respectively, of the X-ray tube while the third generator can be connected either to the anode side (in the case of high tube voltages) or to the cathode side (in the case of low tube voltage) by means of a switching device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a medical X-ray radiation power supply apparatus wherein a DC-operated switching circuit is connected at the primary side of a high voltage transformer, and a comparator circuit compares the voltage predetermined by a tube voltage setting circuit with an actual tube voltage detected by a tube voltage detector circuit, then the gain of a comparison voltage is raised so that the actual tube voltage can quickly reach the predetermined tube voltage value, thereby tube voltage errors, which are caused by short photographing time in a medical or breast X-ray photographing apparatus, are eliminated.

Abstract: An apparatus for erasing the fog developing in a stimulable phosphor sheet used for a radiation image recording and reproducing system in which a radiation image is once recorded in the stimulable phosphor sheet and then read out and reproduced on a recording material. The apparatus is arranged so that stimulable phosphor sheets are taken up one at a time out of their reservoir and each is loaded into a cassette used for the recording of a radiation image. It comprises a light source for erasing the fog, which is provided between the aperture of the reservoir from which the stimulable phosphor sheets are taken up and the section at which the sheets are loaded into the cassettes.

Abstract: The specification describes a scanning electron microscope or similar equipment having a magnetic pole piece detachably provided in an opening of a lower pole of its electromagnetic objective lens so as to decrease the magnetic flux leaked through the opening when the specimen is placed below the lower pole. The above scanning electron microscope or similar equipment may also include a change-over system for varying the crossing point between a scanning charged particle beam and an optical axis depending whether the specimen is placed in the vicinity of the lens center of the objective lens or below the lower pole. Accordingly, the specimen can be placed either below the lower pole of the objective lens or in the vicinity of the lens center as the operator desires, thereby making the scanning electron microscope or similar equipment applicable for varied purposes.

Abstract: An X-ray emitting assembly comprising a flange for assembling a sheath assembly and a beam limiting device; the arrangement of said assembly, operationally associated with a radiation detector situated in a radiology equipment stand, enables in a simple way the operating axes of the sheath assembly and of the beam limiting device to be aligned along an axis z.sub.1 --z.sub.1.

Abstract: An x-ray probe carrier for the inspection of circumferential welds in cylindrical pipes includes a carriage supported on omnidirectional ball transfers for movement along the bottom of a pipe section. A centrally mounted adjustable probe holder is preset to coincide with the centerline of the pipe for single exposure x-ray examination of a full circumferential weld. The probe is maintained centered during travel along the pipe and is automatically recentered after travel through a horizontal bend. The probe holder is easily adjustable for use in a wide range of pipe sizes.

Abstract: Disclosed is an X-ray apparatus having an X-ray source, an X-ray imaging device in confronting relation to the X-ray source, a first support constructed and arranged for performing generally longitudinal movements for supporting the X-ray source, a second support constructed and arranged for performing generally longitudinal movements for supporting the X-ray imaging device, a first movable base for mounting the first support, a second movable base independent of the first movable base for mounting the second support, and a connector releasably interconnecting the support at a predetermined distance for allowing the support as interconnected to be operated in unison.

Abstract: An X-ray film cassette with a lid which is pivotable with respect to a bottom. Between the lid and the bottom is an X-ray film which bears on a pivotable film pressure plate. The film is retained clear of the bottom and the lid by means of springs which bear against the bottom as well as against the lid. The X-ray film has an edge region which projects from the film pressure plate so that it can be engaged by transport rollers. In the X-ray film cassette according to the invention, sticking of the X-ray film is avoided.

Abstract: A process for stereoscopic picture reproduction on an electronic picture screen of a prerecorded picture, and in particular an X-ray picture, is provided for achieving detail enhancement. The pre-recorded picture is scanned to generate an identical pair of signals corresponding to each picture element, and the second signal of the pair is displaced relative the first. The second signal is then reversed and any portions of the signal corresponding to sharp contours in the original are filtered. The two signals are then recombined and the resulting signal is displayed on the electronic picture screen. The displayed picture is thereby given simulated shadowing for a sterescopic effect resulting in detail enhancement.

Abstract: A curved glass X-Ray reflector having a curve depth d' including a glass plate having a stiffness S.sub.1 ; a backing plate having a stiffness S.sub.2 and a curved surface with curve depth d; and bonding means for joining the glass plate to the curved surface, the resulting curved glass reflector having curve depth d', where d' is equal to d/R and R is the ratio of (S.sub.1+ S.sub.2)/S.sub.2 ; and a method of making such a reflector.

Abstract: A portable apparatus for analyzing a sample of material by the X-ray fluorescence method includes a hand-held probe unit connected to an electronic unit. The probe unit includes a radiation source for radiating the material sample and a radiation detector responsive to the X-ray radiation from the material sample for generating a plurality of sample signals representing the elements in the material sample. The probe and electronic units each include a universal asynchronous receiver transmitter for transmitting the sample signals from the probe unit to the electronic unit. The electronic unit includes random access memories for storing the sample signals and a library of groups of signals representing the elements of known materials. A keyboard is provided for adding signals to the library and/or storing the sample signals in the library. A microprocessor and associated circuitry compare the sample signals with the stored groups of signals and generate an identification signal if a match is found.

Abstract: Mineral matter is coal-derived liquids such as coal extracts can be assessed on-line by passing an X-ray beam having as a predominant component wavelengths in the range 0.6 to 0.8 Angstrom units through the liquid and detecting the intensity of the transmitted radiation. X-ray wavelengths in this range permit adequate discrimination between attenuation caused by mineral matter and that caused by the liquid, without having very poor transmission. X-ray tubes or radioisotopes can be used as a source.

Abstract: Fluorescent dye is added to a sample including lymphatic cells stimulated by antic bodies to measure fluorescence polarization. The fluorescence polarization varies with time. The measurement is stopped after a predetermined measurement time, and the lymphatic cells are separated from the sample by filtering. In order to determine the fluorescence polarization in a filtering process, approximate equations of the reaction are determined based on the fluorescence polarization measured during the reaction process. Based on the approximate equations, the fluorescence polarization in the filtering process is calculated. The reaction process is approximated by both an approximate linear line and an approximate curve. A reaction data at a predetermined future time is calculated based on the two approximate functions so that a reliability of the resulting data is improved.

Abstract: A film support defines an x-ray permeable path and indicia such as the letters L and R are carried by an indicia support and the indicia support is movably mounted to the film support and overlies the x-ray path. The indicia are opaque to x-rays and the indicia support is arranged to alternately locate one indicia in the x-ray path and the other indicia out of the x-ray path so that when film is placed in the film support and is exposed to x-rays and later is developed, the film will have the image of one of the indicia imposed thereon.

Abstract: A modular solid state x-radiation detector. A detector array is made up of a plurality of collimator plates having pockets formed in the planar surfaces thereof to carry scintillator bars, and dimensioned so that the edges of the scintillators are shielded by the pockets, yielding several advantages. Wider scintillator bars are thus possible, increasing quantum detection efficiency while guarding against energy dependent punch through at the edges of the scintillator, thereby to enhance spectral linearity. The arrangement also prevents x-rays from bypassing the scintillator, thus protecting the adhesive which bonds the scintillator to the plate and the photodiodes mounted behind the scintillator. A further benefit is an increase in optical transfer of light to the rear of the scintillator where the diode is mounted since there is a less severe aspect ratio of depth to width, reducing the number of reflections encountered by light travelling to the photodiode.

Abstract: X-ray apparatus is shown in which there are two radiological sets, each set including an X-ray tube and radiation receptor (e.g., film holder or image intensifier) and means supporting them on a common radiation axis. The two radiation axes of the respective radiological sets intersect at an isocenter at which the subject of examination, e.g., the human heart, may be located; and at least one set is rotatable on a rotation axis through the isocenter and perpendicular to the radiation axes independently of, and relative to, the radiation axis of the other set. One or both of the sets may be retracted from alignment with the isocenter without disturbing the patient to allow unobstructed access and both sets may be independently rotatable.

Abstract: An X-ray cassette holder (10, 10') includes a frame (12) on which an associated X-ray cassette C is to be centered by two pairs of opposed clamp members 52, 52' and 54, 54' slideably arranged on the frame (12) for movement toward and away from one another in first and second perpendicular directions of movement. At least one pair of opposed clamp members are resiliently connected to an actuator arrangement (18) which will cause the members to move toward one another and center an associated cassette C on the holder frame (12) as holder (10, 10') is being inserted into an associated X-ray machine.