Abstract: A method for scavenging hydrogen sulfide in an aqueous and/or hydrocarbon medium is disclosed. According to the method, the medium is contacted with an effective amount of an amidine selected from the group consisting of monoamidines of from 1 to about 18 carbon atoms and polyamidines comprising from 2 to 3 amidine groups of from 1 to about 18 carbon atoms per amidine group.

Abstract: A batch process of producing sugar crystals from syrup in a discontinuously operated crystallization apparatus comprising a heating calandria, comprises the steps of graining a batch of concentrated syrup by adding seed crystals thereto to form a magma, causing sugar crystals in the magma to grow by subjecting it to evaporation in heat exchange with the calandria and adding syrup while maintaining the mother liquor at a desired coefficient of supersaturation to obtain massecuite, increasing the brix of the massecuite to a desired value to obtain a final volume of massecuite which is substantially equal to the volume of the magma, and controlling the flow of steam to the calandria and the flow of added syrup at least during the growing phase of the sugar crystals so that the mother liquor is maintained at supersaturation and the level of the massecuite remains substantially constant.

Abstract: A process for extracting gallium from an aqueous gallium-bearing acidic solution comprises: a) providing a quantity of phosphorus within the aqueous gallium-bearing solution, the phosphorus being provided in an aqueous soluble form and being substantially dissolved within the aqueous solution, the aqueous gallium-bearing solution having dissolved phosphorus defining a first aqueous phase; b) intermixing the aqueous gallium-bearing solution having the quantity of aqueous soluble dissolved phosphorus with a first organic phase comprising a quantity of an alkylated 8-hydroxyquinoline; c) separating the intermixed first aqueous phase and first organic phases into a second aqueous phase and a second organic phase, the quantities of aqueous soluble phosphorus and alkylated 8-hydroxyquinoline being effective to extract gallium from the aqueous gallium-bearing solution to provide a gallium concentration in the second organic phase which is greater than a gallium concentration in the first organic phase and to provide

Abstract: An improved salt and method for descaling and deglassing metals, especially metal forgings and even more specifically, titanium forgings wherein glass has been utilized as a forging lubricant, is provided. A composition of the salt has at least one alkali metal hydroxide, at least one alkali metal nitrate and at least one alkali metal or alkaline earth metal fluoride. Preferably, the salt includes from about 60-75% sodium hydroxide, from about 15-25% potassium hydroxide, from about 3-6% sodium fluoride, and from about 5-10% sodium nitrate. The specific preferred composition is one which contains about 67.5% sodium hydroxide, about 18% potassium hydroxide, about 4.5% sodium fluoride and about 10% sodium nitrate.

Abstract: Rinser dryer system for rising process chemical from silicon or gallium arsenide wafers, substrates, masks or disks and drying of silicon or gallium arsenide wafers, substrates, masks or disks positioned in a wafer cassette. A wafer cassette is positioned in a rotor assembly and the rotor assembly positioned within a removable heated chamber bowl. The wafer cassette rotates past rising and drying manifold nozzles. The removable chamber bowl is secured to a rinser dryer mounting plate by quick disconnect hardware for removal and for external cleansing. A broken chip collector in a lower portion of an exhaust manifold assembly removes small broken chip remains. An acidity sensor is positioned in a bottom portion of the exhaust manifold assembly for monitoring rinse effluent during the rising process. A gated exhaust valve in an exhaust gas manifold of the exhaust manifold assembly provides for gases to exhaust to an external location.

Abstract: Two stage hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material, conditions during the first stage being such as to hydrolyze or depolymerize the hemicellulosic component without substantial degradation of resulting monosaccharides, conditions during the second stage being such as to hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose without substantial degradation of the glucose. The solids left after first stage hydrolysis are disintegrated mechanically thereby greatly facilitating second stage hydrolysis. Hydrolysis in both stages is preferably accomplished by the use of nitric acid. The pH, retention time and temperature in both stages are selected to maximize production of the desired monosaccharide or monosaccharides.

Abstract: A cleaning composition which comprises dimethylcyclooctadienes is disclosed. There is further disclosed a method of cleaning printed circuit boards or printed wiring boards, which comprises: contacting the board with a composition comprising dimethylcyclooctadienes and 2-20% by weight of a surfactant; rinsing the board with water; and drying the board.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing sodium hydroxide comprising the steps of: (a contacting trona ore and sodium hydroxide under conditions suitable to form sodium carbonate; (b) removing essentially all solids larger than 32 mesh from the sodium carbonate product of step (a); (c) contacting the sodium carbonate product of step (b) and calcium hydroxide in the presence of a suitable amount of seed crystal calcium carbonate with crystal size in the range of about 1 to about 10 microns, and under conditions suitable to form aqueous sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate crystals with crystal size in the range of about 30 to about 50 microns; and (d) recovering aqueous NaOH from the reaction product of step (c). The seed crystals may be introduced from an external source, or made insitu in the lime slaker by the addition of a small amount of sodium carbonate into the lime slaker.

Abstract: A process for purifying linear paraffins in which a hydrocarbon stream containing linear paraffins contaminated with aromatics, sulfur-, nitrogen-, and oxygen-containing compounds, and color bodies, but essentially free of olefins, is contacted with a zeolitic solid adsorbent such as a NaX zeolite or zeolite MgY. After adsorption the zeolitic solid adsorbent is desorbed with an alkyl-substituted aromatic desorbent such as toluene.

Abstract: An improved wash process is provided wherein during a low speed spin portion of the wash process, the wash chamber or wash basket is rotated about its horizontal axis at a spin speed to effect less than a one gravity centrifugal force on the fabric such that the fabric will tumble in the wash chamber. During this tumbling action a recirculating spray of highly concentrated detergent solution, preferably in the range of at least 0.5% to 12% by weight is directed onto the fabric for a first period of time. After the first period of time, the detergent solution is diluted somewhat, although the concentration remains above a normal concentration of 0.06 to .28%. The wash chamber will again be spun to effect less than a one gravity centrifugal force on the fabric such that the fabric will tumble in the wash chamber. The lesser concentrated detergent solution will then be recirculated on to the fabric during a second time period.

Abstract: Free flowing, substantially pure, non-hygroscopic crystalline .beta.-L-gulopyranose is disclosed. This crystalline form of L-gulose is characterized by a sharp melting point of 130.degree.-132.degree. C., a specific optical rotation of +40.degree., characteristic mutarotation, a characteristic X-ray powder diffraction pattern, and a characteristic infrared spectrum. A method for preparation of crystalline .beta.-L-gulopyranose from L-gulose syrup is also disclosed. This method involves dilution of the L-gulose syrup, followed by initiation of crystallization, and isolation of .beta.-L-gulopyranose crystals. Crystalline .beta.-L-gulopyranose may be used as an alternative non-caloric or reduced caloric sweetener which substitutes for sucrose or dextrose in commercial dry prepared mixes for making beverages, cakes, puddings, breads, and the like. In addition, crystalline .beta.

Abstract: An apparatus for the removal of labels and foil tags adhering at different levels to containers, in particular, bottles. The bottles are gripped axially between a rotary plate and a gripping head on the circumference of a turntable, each of these is a gripping space. Corresponding to each gripping space, there are high-pressure nozzles located on an inner circumference of the turntable relative to the bottles. Jets of fluid from the nozzles are directed approximately tangentially to the surface of each bottle, so that the jets remove the label and the foil tag in a stripping process, and transport the labels and foil tags radially outward to a collector, which collector is equipped with a separator to separate the labels and foil tags from one another. The removal of labels applied with adhesive is facilitated if there is an anti-adhesive layer on the label between the adhesive layer and the label.

Abstract: A process for removing undesired material from a chosen substrate by exposing the substrate simultaneously to ultraviolet radiation and a selected dense fluid, wherein the radiation produces a photochemical reaction that removes the undesired material from the substrate and the dense fluid enhances the removal of the undesired material. In an alternative embodiment, a reactive agent may additionally be used. The process may be used to remove contaminants from a substrate, etch a substrate surface, or destroy toxic organic material in industrial wastes.

Abstract: Free flowing, substantially pure, non-hygroscopic, crystalline .beta.-D-gulopyranose is disclosed. This crystalline form of D-gulose is characterized by a sharp melting point of 130.degree.-132.degree. C., a specific optical rotation of -40.degree. and characteristic mutarotation. A method for preparation of crystalline .beta.-D-gulopyranose from D-gulose syrup is also disclosed. This method involves dilution of the D-gulose syrup, followed by initiation of crystallization, and isolation of .beta.-D-gulopyranose crystals. Crystalline .beta.-D-gulopyranose may be used as an excipient, a chelating agent, a pharmaceutical intermediate, a cleaning agent for glass and metals, a food additive, and as an additive for detergents.

Abstract: A substrate having a small-diameter hole is taken from the air and placed in a boiling vapor and/or boiling liquid in a first treatment tank of a vessel having a boiling heater, whereupon the pressure of the air in the small-diameter hole exceeds atmospheric pressure by an amount equivalent to the partial pressure of the air in the hole. Accordingly, the air cannot remain in the hole but is instead expelled to the outside. As a result, the interior of the microhole is replaced entirely by the boiling vapor and/or boiling liquid. Next, without being brought into contact with the external air, the substrate is contacted with a non-boiling liquid inside a second treatment tank, thereby preventing external gas from flowing back into the small-diameter. The non-boiling liquid and the boiling vapor and/or boiling liquid are soluble in each other. As a result, the two are unified and introduced to the small-diameter hole in the form of a liquid.

Abstract: Drill cuttings are cleaned of oil-based drilling mud and oil using a cleansing agent, such as a C6-C10 carboxylic acid, that is preferentially oil soluble at one pH and preferentially water soluble at another pH. The oily cuttings are treated with the carboxylic acid and then washed with an aqueous, alkaline washing solution, which converts the carboxylic acid to its water soluble salt and, with vigorous agitation, lifts most of the oil from the cuttings. In other embodiments, the process is used for cleaning oil-contaminated soil, sand, and gravel, and for separating the oils from the solids in oily sludges.

Abstract: A process for cleaning the surfaces of interior parts of two-stage flue gas desulfurization plants, which employ limestone as absorbent to form gypsum as the final product, such as guide plates and baffle plates and/or the discharge pipe and the bottom side of the feed hoppers, said interior parts being contacted by flue gas stream(s) and liquid absorbent. The process is characterized in that the parts and/or areas of said interior parts to be cleaned are washed periodically with process water or first with a portion of the absorbent suspension of the upper absorbent circulation and then with a portion of the process water.

Abstract: A method of cleaning a nitric acid absorption column cooling coil having an access port and an exit port comprising the steps of closing the access port, inserting a pig in an operative position within a sealable cavity of a launching assembly that is operatively attached to the access port to allow the pig to enter the coil, pressurizing the launching assembly with a fluid to a pre-determined level, opening the access port while maintaining pressure against the pig during its passage through the coil by a fluid pump sufficient to force the pig into and through the coil, and capturing the pig after it passes through the exit port.

Abstract: Sour sulfhydryl-group containing oils are treated with an amount of hexamethylenetetramine effective to sweeten the oil and reduce headspace H.sub.2 S to a desired level.

Abstract: Drill cuttings are cleaned of oil-based drilling mud and oil using a cleansing agent, such as a C6-C10 carboxylic acid, that is preferentially oil soluble at one pH and preferentially water soluble at another pH. The oily cuttings are treated with the carboxylic acid and then washed with an aqueous, alkaline washing solution, which converts the carboxylic acid to its water soluble salt and, with vigorous agitation, lifts most of the oil from the cuttings. In other embodiments, the process is used for cleaning oil-contaminated soil, sand, and gravel, and for separating the oils from the solids in oily sludges.