Abstract: Disclosed is a stop system for the focus of an optical instrument having a housing carrying an objective lens. The housing has an outer body tube slidably containing a coaxial inner tube forming the housing for an imaging device. A focusing nut is secured to the inner tube against axial movement and is screw threaded to the outer tube whereupon rotation of the nut causes relative axial movement between the inner and outer tubes to focus the imaging device and objective lens relative to one another. The focusing nut has a reduced diameter short tube supporting a plurality of cascade rings. A support ring is carried by the inner tube adjacent the end of the support tube. The focusing and cascade rings carry axially projecting lugs at predetermined circumferential positions thereabout while the cascade and stop rings carry shoulders at predetermined circumferential positions thereabout.

Abstract: An integrated attaching and aligning apparatus for mounting a laser shot simulator or the like in gun barrels of different calibers with a barrel member of two coaxial sections which slides into the gun barrel. A first resilient ring is removably mounted about the first section at one end for engaging and centering the barrel member in the gun barrel. A second resilient ring is removably mounted on an inside barrel between the two sections at the other end of the barrel member so that axial force applied to the second ring by the second section deforms the second ring against the gun barrel to center the barrel member in the other end. A laser source receiver and lens are adjustably mounted within the barrel member.

Abstract: The surface temperature of a body is measured by receiving thermal radiation from a given zone of the surface of the body along a given optical path by means of a sighting instrument. At least that part of the optical path which is adjacent the instrument is protected by means of a shield. The given zone is subjected to a scraping operation.

Abstract: A difference amplifier continuously generates a signal representing the difference between the optical densities of a platelet rich and a platelet poor sample of blood plasma. If this signal lies within a predetermined range, a variable gain amplifier multiplies the difference signal by a factor which is proportional to the initial difference signal. Electronic circuitry automatically determines the multiplying factor by comparing the initial difference signal to a predetermined magnitude. The multiplied difference signal is continuously recorded on a chart recorder and is displayed as a percentage of aggregation on a digital display. An optional filter circuit is provided for selectively filtering the difference signal.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the aggregation rate of particles in liquids, comprising a transparent mixing chamber, a drive causing mixing, a photoelectric system for observing the mixed material in the chamber, and an analysis system following the photoelectric system, where the output signals are fed to a display and/or a warning and/or a memory system. The apparatus is applied to quickly ascertain information disclosing blood subsidence from a minimum amount of blood (capillary native blood free of coagulation inhibitor).

Abstract: A wheel mirror calibrating device for checking and aligning mirrors used on motor vehicle wheel alignment equipment. The device comprises a portable unit comprising support and level members to align a rotatable horizontal shaft which supports a truncated triangular mirror support frame. The mirror support frame supports the wheel alignment mirror in the same manner as the rim of the wheel which would be aligned with the equipment. The frame has calibrated adjustment push screws for alignment of the mirror support pads to the zero position. An image is projected onto the mirror and reflected to a projection screen such that as the mirror is rotated the image must remain in the same position or the mirror needs alignment. Each mirror is individually adjustable by three screws on the back thereof for alignment of the mirror.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the simultaneous automatic analysis and sequential displaying in digital form of a plurality of parameters of whole or hemolyzed blood samples, such as total hemoglobin, percent oxyhemoglobin, percent carboxyhemoglobin, percent methemoglobin (in each case percent meaning percentage of total hemoglobin) and oxygen content. The apparatus is an electro-optical instrument including a servo-controlled spectral line source, such as a hollow cathode lamp, a laser etc., a ratiometric logarithmic amplifier of minimized dynamic range, a fluid-flow system of improved design that combine to measure the absorbances of blood samples at a plurality of wavelengths defined and generated by the spectral line source, to calculate the above parameters based on the absorbances by the use of a micro-computer and associated circuitry absorbances, to display automatically and digitally one of the parameters, and then to display digitally seriatim the remaining parameters responsive to operator intervention.

Abstract: A vehicle headlight testing apparatus incorporating alignment means to locate the headlight aiming relative to the plane of tracking of the rear wheels of a vehicle, means to bring the tester into a position to compensate for shop floor out-of-level conditions, and optical and photo-electrical means for locating the headlight beam pattern and for manipulating the tester so that horizontal and vertical scales will show whether the headlight has its beam aimed within tolerances permitted by the prevailing Lighting Inspection Code.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for storing and reading authenticating information which is recorded on a carrier comprising at least one diffraction screen for modifying the path of a beam from an optical reading apparatus consisting of a light-source and a light-receiver. A method is provided for producing an information carrier having at least one diffraction screen.

Abstract: Apparatus for conducting secondary tests for security validation are presented. In one embodiment of the invention a light source, either infrared or visible, is cast upon two neighboring areas of a paper purported to be a valid instrument, these areas being of different light reflective characteristics. Photo cells are maintained in close juxtaposition to each of these two areas and the light reflected therefrom or passed therethrough is sensed by the photo cells. Comparator circuits are interconnected with the photo cells and, in part, determine the validity of the instrument on the basis of the comparison of the intensity of light reflected by each of the two areas. In another embodiment of the invention, a reference reflective surface is provided in juxtaposition to one of the photo cells to test those instruments not having neighboring areas of different light reflective characteristics.

Abstract: An optical system having a single spherical mirror for collecting light from two directions combined by a beam splitter after the light has been scattered from the surface of a turbine blade or the like. The spherical mirror is located at an equal optical distance from both the surface of the test specimen and a linear detector array so that it operates at a one-to-one magnification ratio. The linear detector array receives light focused by the mirror along a path folded by the beam splitter. This arrangement is helpful in contouring the surface of a turbine blade near a vertical obstruction such as a shroud of a turbine blade since the collection axes of the pickup legs view the incident spot from different directions. None of the optical elements of the inspection system are located in the plane of movement of the test specimen so that even particularly long items such as a helicopter rotor blade can be contoured.

Abstract: The sub-surface temperature of a body of water, such as an ocean, is measured remotely by directing a laser beam into a body of water and analyzing the Raman backscatter produced by the water. The Raman backscatter contains information which, when processed, indicates the water temperature at various depths. Precise temperature measurements may be made by separately detecting and measuring the polarization ratio at different wavelength intervals throughout the Raman band and measuring the differential diffuse attenuation coefficient using range-gated Raman backscatter techniques on a wavelength by wavelength basis.

Abstract: There is disclosed a photoelastic strain gauge which displays visual patterns representative of the strain in the workpiece to which the gauge is bonded. The gauge comprises two sheets of reflective material and a body of photoelastic material therebetween. A reflector in the body directs polarized light in such a way as to be reverberated between the reflective sheets and then discharged to produce the visual patterns. Because the light is reverberated, the visual patterns are amplified or enlarged.

Abstract: A window construction adapted to permit or prevent light transmission including first and second fixed polarizer panels and a moveable panel between the polarizer panels comprising a polarizer and a wave retarder. The first fixed polarizer panel comprises adjacent polarizers which are in the same plane and have their absorption axes perpendicular to each other. The absorption axes of the polarizer panels are positioned so that maximum or minimum light transmission through the construction is effected by moving the panel including the wave retarder between the fixed polarizer panels.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for testing an optical element sample such as a mirror simultaneously and substantially instantaneously both for the total amount of light reflected from and the total amount of light transmitted by a predetermined area of that sample. The apparatus includes a pair of axially aligned light-integrating spheres between which is clamped the test sample so that no light enters or escapes from either sphere. A preferably optically regulated, substantially collimated beam of light is directed through one sphere against the test sample at an angle to the sphere axis. Silicon photo-voltaic light sensitive detectors connected to amplified readout units indicate the total light reflectivity in one sphere and the total light transmission to the other sphere.

Abstract: A scanner is provided for radiometric analysis of a substrate of the type which can require a controlled environment. The substrates are positioned on platforms rotated about an axis, and at least a portion of the radiometer is mounted for rotation independently of the platform rotation.

Abstract: A method of locating the filament of a light bulb at the focal point of a parabolic reflector comprising the steps of placing an optical instrument into the electrical socket for the light bulb, positioning the electrical socket and optical instrument until a reticle of the optical instrument is situated at the focal point of the parabolic reflector, and replacing the optical instrument by a light bulb.

Abstract: A polarimeter comprises a polariser and an analyser between which is disposed a sample whose optical activity is to be determined. Light passes through the polariser, sample and analyser to a light detector responsive to the intensity of the light transmitted by the analyser. The polariser has a fixed orientation and the analyser is rotated by a motor which is driven in synchronism with digital clock pulses. The phase of the output signal from the light detector is compared with the phase of a digital signal derived from the clock pulses to determine the optical activity of the sample.

Abstract: Apparatus to adjust the axial position of an optical element to compensate for the effects of temperature changes and operable to produce motion of greater magnitude than possible with conventional expansion members. A pair of expansion members is provided. Each of the expansion members has one end which is fixed to a frame or reference means and the other ends of each are joined together and connected to a linkage member which is affixed to the optical element. The angle between the expansion members and the direction of motion of the optical element is set at a value which will produce the desired motion of the optical element.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the extent and sense of relative movement between two objects comprises a reflecting ruled grating carried on one body and optical reading head carried on the other. The reading head includes a light source arranged to produce at least three light beams which are directed at the grating and reflected therefrom onto a mirror twisted about a line parallel to the grating lines. This mirror reflects the light beams onto a different area of the grating from which they are reflected to separate light-sensitive devices. Lenses are used to focus the light beams as required.