Abstract: The solar cell of the present disclosure includes: a first substrate having light-transmitting properties; a second substrate having light-transmitting properties; a third substrate disposed such that the second substrate is located between the first and third substrates; a first photoelectric conversion layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and containing a perovskite material; a second photoelectric conversion layer disposed between the second substrate and the third substrate; and a pair of electrodes disposed so as to sandwich the first photoelectric conversion layer therebetween in a direction perpendicular to the arrangement direction of the first substrate, the second substrate, and the third substrate.

Abstract: A solar cell according to the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode in this order. The photoelectric conversion layer comprises a perovskite compound comprising a first metal element and a second metal element, a first compound comprising the first metal element and a first amine material having two or more carbon atoms, and a second compound comprising the second metal element and a second amine material having two or more carbon atoms.

Abstract: A solar cell 100 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 6, an electron transport layer 2, a first photoelectric conversion layer 3, and a coating layer 5. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 is disposed between the first electrode 6 and the substrate 1. The substrate 1 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the second main surface has an uneven structure. The electron transport layer 2 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the first main surface and the second main surface each have an uneven structure. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 has a first main surface and a second main surface. The second main surface of the substrate 1 faces the first main surface of the electron transport layer 2.

Abstract: A solar cell 100 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 6, an electron transport layer 2, a first photoelectric conversion layer 3, and a coating layer 5. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 is disposed between the first electrode 6 and the substrate 1. The substrate 1 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the second main surface has an uneven structure. The electron transport layer 2 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the first main surface and the second main surface each have an uneven structure. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 has a first main surface and a second main surface. The second main surface of the substrate 1 faces the first main surface of the electron transport layer 2.

Abstract: A solar cell includes a first substrate, a first hole transport layer, a first photoelectric conversion layer containing a perovskite compound, and a second photoelectric conversion layer containing a photoelectric conversion material in this order. A band gap of the perovskite compound is greater than a band gap of the photoelectric conversion material. With respect to an absorption wavelength of the first photoelectric conversion layer 3, a refractive index nA of the first hole transport layer 2 satisfies refractive index of the first substrate?nA?refractive index of the first photoelectric conversion layer. Further, with respect to a transmission wavelength of the first photoelectric conversion layer 3 and an absorption wavelength of the second photoelectric conversion layer 5, a refractive index nB of the first hole transport layer 2 satisfies refractive index of the first substrate?nB?refractive index of the first photoelectric conversion layer.

Abstract: A solar cell includes a first substrate, a first electrode layer, a first electron transport layer, a first photoelectric conversion layer, a first hole transport layer, a second electrode layer, a third electrode layer, a second electron transport layer, a second photoelectric conversion layer, a second hole transport layer, a fourth electrode layer, and a second substrate that are disposed in the order stated. The first photoelectric conversion layer includes a first perovskite compound, and the second photoelectric conversion layer includes a second perovskite compound. The first perovskite compound has a bandgap greater than a bandgap of the second perovskite compound.

Abstract: A solar cell 100 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 6, a carrier transport layer, such as a hole transport layer 5, a first photoelectric conversion layer 3, and a coating layer 4. The first photoelectric conversion layer is disposed between the first electrode 6 and the substrate 1. The substrate 1 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the second main surface has an uneven structure. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the first main surface and the second main surface each have an uneven structure. The coating layer 4 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the first main surface and the second main surface each have an uneven structure.

Abstract: A solar cell 100 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 6, an electron transport layer 2, a first photoelectric conversion layer 3, and a coating layer 5. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 is disposed between the first electrode 6 and the substrate 1. The substrate 1 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the second main surface has an uneven structure. The electron transport layer 2 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the first main surface and the second main surface each have an uneven structure. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 has a first main surface and a second main surface. The second main surface of the substrate 1 faces the first main surface of the electron transport layer 2.

Abstract: A light-absorbing material includes a compound, wherein the compound has a perovskite crystal structure represented by the formula AMX3 where a Cs+ ion is located at an A-site, a Ge2+ ion is located at an M-site, and I? ions are located at X-sites, and at least a part of the compound has an orthorhombic perovskite crystal structure. An X-ray diffraction pattern of the compound measured using Cu K? radiation may have a first peak at a diffraction angle (2?) of 25.4° or more and 25.8° or less and a second peak at a diffraction angle (2?) of 24.9° or more and 25.3° or less, and an intensity of the first peak may be 30% or more of an intensity of the second peak.

Abstract: The solar cell of the present disclosure includes: a first substrate having light-transmitting properties; a second substrate having light-transmitting properties; a third substrate disposed such that the second substrate is located between the first and third substrates; a first photoelectric conversion layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and containing a perovskite material; a second photoelectric conversion layer disposed between the second substrate and the third substrate; and a pair of electrodes disposed so as to sandwich the first photoelectric conversion layer therebetween in a direction perpendicular to the arrangement direction of the first substrate, the second substrate, and the third substrate.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a photoelectric conversion film having a high light absorption ability and a long carrier life. A photoelectric conversion film of the present disclosure includes a perovskite compound including a monovalent formamidinium cation, a Pb cation and an iodide ion. The film thickness of the photoelectric conversion film is greater than or equal to 1 ?m. In the photoelectric conversion film, the ratio of root mean square roughness Rq to the film thickness is less than or equal to 0.13.

Abstract: A light-absorbing material includes a compound, wherein the compound has a perovskite crystal structure represented by the formula AMX3 where a Cs+ ion is located at an A-site, a Ge2+ ion is located at an M-site, and I? ions are located at X-sites, and at least a part of the compound has an orthorhombic perovskite crystal structure. An X-ray diffraction pattern of the compound measured using Cu K? radiation may have a first peak at a diffraction angle (2?) of 25.4° or more and 25.8° or less and a second peak at a diffraction angle (2?) of 24.9° or more and 25.3° or less, and an intensity of the first peak may be 30% or more of an intensity of the second peak.

Abstract: A light-absorbing material includes a compound, wherein the compound has a perovskite crystal structure represented by the formula AMX3 where a Cs+ ion is located at an A-site, a Ge2+ ion is located at an M-site, and I? ions are located at X-sites, and at least a part of the compound has an orthorhombic perovskite crystal structure. An X-ray diffraction pattern of the compound measured using Cu K? radiation may have a first peak at a diffraction angle (2?) of 25.4° or more and 25.8° or less and a second peak at a diffraction angle (2?) of 24.9° or more and 25.3° or less, and an intensity of the first peak may be 30% or more of an intensity of the second peak.

Abstract: A condensing photoelectric conversion apparatus includes a first photoelectric conversion module and a second photoelectric conversion module. The first and second condensing photoelectric conversion modules each include a power generating element, a condensing lens located on the power generating element and having a front surface with a convex portion and a flat rear surface, a transparent first resin located between the power generating element and the rear surface of the condensing lens, a colored second resin located on the rear surface of the condensing lens and around the power generating element, and a third resin located between the condensing lens of the first photoelectric conversion module and the condensing lens of the second photoelectric conversion module, and having a refractive index n1 satisfying a relational expression n0?0.05?n1?n0+1.0 with a refractive index n0 of the condensing lens.

Abstract: A solar cell has a condenser lens and a solar cell element, the solar cell element including an n-type InGaAs layer, an n-type GaAs layer, an n-type InGaP layer, the first InGaAs peripheral part having a thickness (d2), and a width (w2), the second InGaAs peripheral part having a thickness (d3), and a width (w3), the first GaAs peripheral part having a thickness (d5), and a width (w4), the second GaAs peripheral part a thickness (d6), and a width (w5), the first InGaP peripheral part having a thickness (d8), and a width (w6), the second InGaP peripheral part having a thickness (d9), and a width (w7), the following inequation set being satisfied: 1 nm?(d2, d3, d5, and d6)?4 nm, 1 nm?(d8 and d9)?5 nm, 100 nm?(w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, and w7), the InGaAs center part having a thickness (w1), a window layer has a range S irradiated by sunlight having a width (w8); w8?w1.

Abstract: A solar cell according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes: a first electrode; an electron transport layer on the first electrode; a light-absorbing layer located on the electron transport layer and containing a perovskite type compound; a second electrode on the light-absorbing layer; and a sealing body sealing at least a part of the first electrode, the electron transport layer, the light-absorbing layer, and at least a part of the second electrode. A gas containing oxygen is present between the sealing body and each of the at least a part of the first electrode, the electron transport layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the at least a part of the second electrode. The concentration of the oxygen is 5% or more, and the concentration of water is 300 ppm or less on a volume fraction basis.

Abstract: A condensing photoelectric conversion apparatus includes a first photoelectric conversion module and a second photoelectric conversion module. The first and second condensing photoelectric conversion modules each include a power generating element, a condensing lens located on the power generating element and having a front surface with a convex portion and a flat rear surface, a transparent first resin located between the power generating element and the rear surface of the condensing lens, a colored second resin located on the rear surface of the condensing lens and around the power generating element, and a third resin located between the condensing lens of the first photoelectric conversion module and the condensing lens of the second photoelectric conversion module, and having a refractive index n1 satisfying a relational expression n0?0.05?n1?n0+1.0 with a refractive index n0 of the condensing lens.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of producing a polyrotaxane having cyclic molecules, a linear molecule threaded through the cyclic molecules to form a clathrate, and blocking groups at both ends of the linear molecule to prevent the separation of the cyclic molecules from the linear molecule, the method including forming the blocking groups by reacting the linear molecule piercing the cyclic molecules, the linear molecule having carboxyl groups at both ends thereof, with a blocking agent having an amino group in the absence of a solvent or in at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of aprotic amide solvents and aromatic hydrocarbons, and further in the presence of 2.0 mol to 100 mol of a triazine-based amidating agent per 1 mol of the carboxyl groups in the linear molecule.

Abstract: A film structure (carbon material-insulating film structure) of the present invention includes a carbon material and an insulating film disposed on the carbon material and composed of fluorine-added magnesium oxide. The amount of added fluorine in the magnesium oxide is 0.0049 atomic percent or more and 0.1508 atomic percent or less. This film structure facilitates the realization of an electronic device, such as a spin device, which uses a carbon material such as graphene. This film structure is formed, for example, by sputtering using a target containing magnesium oxide and magnesium fluoride.

Abstract: A solar cell has a condenser lens and a solar cell element, the solar cell element including an n-type InGaAs layer, an n-type GaAs layer, an n-type InGaP layer, the first InGaAs peripheral part having a thickness (d2), and a width (w2), the second InGaAs peripheral part having a thickness (d3), and a width (w3), the first GaAs peripheral part having a thickness (d5), and a width (w4), the second GaAs peripheral part a thickness (d6), and a width (w5), the first InGaP peripheral part having a thickness (d8), and a width (w6), the second InGaP peripheral part having a thickness (d9), and a width (w7), the following inequation set being satisfied: 1 nm?(d2, d3, d5, and d6)?4 nm, 1 nm?(d8 and d9)?5 nm, 100 nm?(w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, and w7), the InGaAs center part having a thickness (w1), a window layer has a range S irradiated by sunlight having a width (w8); w8?w1.