Abstract: A process for operating an electrolysis apparatus for splitting water at both high and low ambient temperatures includes providing at least one electrolysis unit including at least one electrolytic cell and having at least one inlet opening for a first reactant stream and at least one outlet opening for a first product stream, producing the first product stream from the first reactant stream in the electrolysis unit, separating the product stream into water and gas streams, and cooling the water stream in at least one obliquely-oriented cooling apparatus dissipating the heat of the water stream directly to the environment. The cooling of the water stream is interrupted if the electrolysis unit is shutdown or the electrolysis unit is in standby operation. The ambient temperature is detected and, if the ambient temperature is below 1°, the water stream is emptied from the cooling apparatus into a liquid storage device.

Abstract: A reactor cascade for carrying out equilibrium-limited reactions, having at least two reactor units with in each case one reaction part in the form of a tubular reactor and in each case one absorption part. The reaction part has a starting product inlet and the absorption part has a starting product outlet for the discharge of excess starting products. A connecting line is provided between the starting product outlet of a first reactor unit and the starting product inlet of a second reactor unit. A pressure reduction valve for the reduction of a process pressure is provided between the first reaction unit and the second reactor unit.

Abstract: Some embodiments include a mixture for use as liquid sorbent for methanol or methanol and water in methanol synthesis using carbon monoxide and hydrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide as synthesis reactants. The mixture comprises I) a component A) in the form of at least one salt and at least one component B) selected from the group consisting of: B1) a salt of an anion and one, two, or three of the cations of salt A), wherein the number of cations corresponds to an absolute value of a charge number of the respective anion; B2) a salt comprising one or more bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anions and another component, wherein a number of bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anions corresponds to an absolute value of a charge number of the respective metal cation; and B3) a zwitterionic compound.

Abstract: A reactor for performing equilibrium-reduced reactions, includes a tubular reactor housing in which a first zone is arranged, through which a liquid absorbent flows, and which extends in the longitudinal direction of the tube. Aa second zone is arranged for receiving a catalyst material and also extends in the longitudinal direction of the tube. The first zone and the second zone are separated by a gas-permeable separation zone. The separation zone has a mechanically self-supporting structure and the aspect ratio of the tubular reactor housing along a reaction zone is greater than 6.

Abstract: A method for operating a reactor facility for equilibrium-limited reactions, includes: converting starting materials to a product in a reaction chamber under a pressure p1, wherein an absorbent is loaded with the product and absorbs starting materials; discharging the loaded absorbent from the reaction chamber; lowering the pressure of the absorbent to a pressure p2 which is lower than pressure p1 and the product and starting materials are discharged in the gaseous state from the liquid absorbent; separating the gaseous products by condensation from the gaseous starting materials at the same time as a pressure p3 higher than pressure p1 is applied to the liquid absorbent, under pressure p3 into a liquid jet gas compressor in which the gaseous starting materials separated from the products are aspirated and dissolved in the liquid absorbent; and then introduced under pressure p4, which is lower than pressure p3, into the reaction chamber.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a process for converting a starting material mixture comprising carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methanol and water. The method may include: providing a catalyst to a reactor; feeding carbon dioxide and hydrogen into the reactor, at a first pressure and a first temperature; feeding a first liquid component into the reactor at a second temperature lower than the first temperature; converting the carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methanol and water; removing the methanol from a gas phase in at least one liquid phase comprising the first component and the water; and discharging a first liquid material stream comprising the first component, methanol, and water from the reactor. At the first temperature and the first pressure the methanol is in a gaseous state and the first component and the water are in a liquid state.

Abstract: Various embodiments may include a reactor comprising: a reaction chamber having a lower region defining a sorbent collection zone; a first feed device supplying reactants to the reaction chamber; a second feed device supplying a liquid sorbent to the reaction chamber; a discharge device connected to the sorbent collection zone for removing sorbent from the sorbent collection zone; and a cooling device for cooling the sorbent in the reaction chamber.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to converting equilibrium-limited reactions. Various embodiments may include methods and apparatus for such reactions, such as a method for converting equilibrium-limited reactions comprising: delivering a catalyst material to a reaction zone of a reactor; delivering starting materials into the reaction zone; reacting the materials to form a product; introducing a sorbent into the reactor; taking up the products with the sorbent; and collecting the sorbent once it is loaded with products in a collection zone of the reactor. In some embodiment, the reaction zone is separated from the collection zone in the reactor.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to chemical synthesis. The teachings thereof may be embodied in methods for chemical synthesis and/or reactors for synthesis. The teaching may increase the conversion of equilibrium-limited reactions in a single pass through a synthesis reactor. For example, a method may include: introducing a synthesis reactant into a reaction chamber with a prevailing pressure p1; forming a synthesis product; discharging the product and any unreacted reactant; separating the product from the unreacted reactant; and introducing the unreacted reactant into a second reaction chamber with a prevailing pressure p2 lower than the pressure p1.

Abstract: Some embodiments include a mixture for use as liquid sorbent for methanol or methanol and water in methanol synthesis using carbon monoxide and hydrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide as synthesis reactants. The mixture comprises I) a component A) in the form of at least one salt and at least one component B) selected from the group consisting of: B1) a salt of an anion and one, two, or three of the cations of salt A), wherein the number of cations corresponds to an absolute value of a charge number of the respective anion; B2) a salt comprising one or more bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anions and another component, wherein a number of bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anions corresponds to an absolute value of a charge number of the respective metal cation; and B3) a zwitterionic compound.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for producing hydrocarbons, the method comprising: producing carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide with addition of oxygen in a first reaction unit; fermenting the carbon monoxide, the carbon dioxide, and hydrogen in a second reaction unit; adding biogas provided from a biogas system and oxygen from an electrolyzer as reactants to the first reaction unit; and adding hydrogen from the electrolyzer as a reactant to the second reaction unit.

Abstract: Various embodiments may include a reactor for carrying out equilibrium-limited reactions comprising: a reaction chamber for receiving a catalyst; a sorption chamber for receiving a sorption agent; a feedstock feeding device; a sorption agent feeding device; and a gas-permeable element separating the reaction chamber from the sorption chamber, wherein the gas-permeable element repels particles of the sorption agent.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a reactor for implementation of equilibrium-limited reactions comprising: a reaction space; a reactant feed; an outlet for reaction products; a device for accommodating catalyst material; and a stirrer device comprising: a hollow shaft with a gas inlet opening at one end of the hollow shaft; a first stirrer paddle with gas exit orifices mounted on the hollow shaft; and a second stirrer paddle mounted on the hollow shaft proximate the device for accommodating the catalyst material.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a reactor for implementation of equilibrium-limited reactions comprising: a reaction space; a reactant feed; an outlet for reaction products; a device for accommodating catalyst material; and a stirrer device comprising: a hollow shaft with a gas inlet opening at one end of the hollow shaft; a first stirrer paddle with gas exit orifices mounted on the hollow shaft; and a second stirrer paddle mounted on the hollow shaft proximate the device for accommodating the catalyst material.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to chemical synthesis. Various embodiments of the teachings thereof may include the synthesis of methanol, generated from hydrogen and a carbonaceous gas. For example, a method may include: compressing gaseous starting materials to an operating pressure of at least 200 bar; supplying the starting materials to a synthesis reactor; removing a product mixture from the synthesis reactor in a liquid state; withdrawing mechanical energy from the product mixture by reducing a pressure of the product mixture; and using the mechanical energy to compress the gaseous starting materials.

Abstract: Various embodiments may include a reactor comprising: a reaction chamber having a lower region defining a sorbent collection zone; a first feed device supplying reactants to the reaction chamber; a second feed device supplying a liquid sorbent to the reaction chamber; a discharge device connected to the sorbent collection zone for removing sorbent from the sorbent collection zone; and a cooling device for cooling the sorbent in the reaction chamber.

Abstract: Various embodiments may include a reactor for carrying out equilibrium-limited reactions comprising: a reaction chamber for receiving a catalyst; a sorption chamber for receiving a sorption agent; a feedstock feeding device; a sorption agent feeding device; and a gas-permeable element separating the reaction chamber from the sorption chamber, wherein the gas-permeable element repels particles of the sorption agent.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to power plants. Various embodiments thereof may include a method for operating a gas-and-steam combined-cycle power plant. For example, some embodiments may include a method for operating a gas-and-steam combined-cycle power plant including: providing exhaust gas from a gas turbine to a steam generator; generating steam by means of the exhaust gas; driving a generator with the steam via a turbine installation to provide an electric current; removing the exhaust gas from the steam generator; and using at least a portion of heat contained in the exhaust gas downstream from the steam generator to affect an endothermic chemical reaction.

Abstract: A device for the separation of water, in particular water vapor, from a fluid flow containing water, in particular water vapor, may include at least a water-permeable membrane body that delimits at least one membrane body interior space, wherein at least one hydrophobic fluid is located in the membrane body interior space for receiving water, in particular water vapor, which exits the fluid flow and passes through the membrane body into the membrane body interior space.

Abstract: A method and a device for discharging a thermal stratification storage tank are provided, wherein a first thermal stratification storage tank has a first temperature in a first subsection and a second temperature in a second subsection, when the working fluid of an organic Rankine cycle in the liquid aggregate state in a fluid heat transfer medium of the first thermal stratification storage tank is introduced into the first or second subsection and brought into direct material contact with the heat transfer medium, wherein at the second temperature in the second subsection the pressure in the first thermal stratification storage tank is less than or equal to the vapor pressure of the working fluid.