Abstract: Methods and systems for embedding VI demands in a software-defined network include mapping virtual nodes over physical nodes in a network topology. An auxiliary graph including virtual links between physical nodes that have a residual capacity sufficient to meet a virtual infrastructure demand is constructed. Virtual links over physical links are mapped to maximize use of existing optical channels and to minimize switching of a virtual link between a wavelength division multiplexing layer and an IP layer. New optical channels with a maximum spectral efficiency are established. A set of potential solutions for embedding a set of virtual infrastructure demands is determined. A solution is selected from the set of potential solutions that maximizes a weighted average of spectrum needed to support the set of virtual infrastructure demands and a cost of provisioning the virtual infrastructure demands.

Abstract: A method implemented in a network apparatus used in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical network is disclosed. The method includes (a) finding K-shortest routes between each node pair (s, d), where s, d?V and |V|?K, where V is a set of reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM) nodes, (b) selecting unconsidered node pair (s, d), (c) selecting unconsidered route k between nodes s and d out of the K-shortest routes, (d) finding a bit map of route k by performing bit-wise logical AND operation on bit vectors of fibers along route k, (e) selecting unconsidered line rate l out of offered set L of line rates, and (f) finding a probability ?ls,d,k of provisioning a connection with line rate l. Other apparatuses, systems, and methods also are disclosed.

Abstract: A method implemented in a network apparatus used in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical network is disclosed. The method includes (a) selecting unconsidered virtual link (VL) (i,j) with a maximum cost, a cost being requested line rate rij on VL(i,j)×shortest distance between nodes i and j, (b) selecting unconsidered route k out of K-shortest routes between nodes i and j of VL(i,j), (c) determining a bit map of unconsidered route k, (d) finding a modulation format that supports requested line rate rij with minimum spectrum ? r ij s z ? , where Sz is spectral efficiency with which the modulation format transmits a channel, (e) finding ? r ij s z ? consecutive spectrum slots at M lowest wavelengths in the bit map of selected route k, and (f) determining fragmentation factor Fkm after provisioning a channel at each wavelength m on selected route k, where 1?m?M. Other apparatuses, systems, and methods also are disclosed.

Abstract: A software-defined (SD) optical network is disclosed. An SD optical line terminal (OLT) includes a global SD controller, one or more SD OLT drivers connected to the global SD controller, and an underlying hardware component connected to each of said one or more SD OLT drivers. An SD optical network unit (ONU) includes a local SD controller, one or more SD optical network unit (ONU) drivers connected to the local SD controller, and an underlying hardware component connected to each of said one or more SD ONU drivers, wherein the local SD controller manages said one or more SD ONU drivers by issuing commands communicated to said one or more SD ONU drivers, and wherein each of said one or more SD ONU drivers implements a required function on the underlying hardware component. Other apparatuses, systems, and methods also are disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for embedding cloud demands with shared protection in a software-defined flexible-grid optical transport network. The method includes mapping working virtual nodes of the cloud demands over physical nodes of the network. The method further includes mapping backup virtual nodes of the cloud demands over the physical nodes. The method also includes mapping working virtual links of the cloud demands over physical routes of the network. The method additionally includes mapping backup virtual links of the cloud demands over the physical routes. The mapping steps are performed by an optical-defined controller having a processor.

Abstract: There is provided a distance-adaptive and fragmentation-aware all-optical traffic grooming (DFG) method, which addresses the all-optical traffic grooming problem while considering the transmission reach constraints. The DFG procedure provisions traffic demands in optical channels such that the spectrum requires for guard bands is minimized. The DFG procedure provisions optical channels such that network fragmentation is minimized while ensuring the transmission reach constrains over flexible-grid WDM networks.

Abstract: Systems and methods for packet switching in a network, including two or more hybrid packet/circuit switching network architectures configured to connect two or more core level switches in the network architectures, the network architectures being controlled and managed using a centralized software defined network (SDN) control plane. An optical ring network may be configured to interconnect the two or more hybrid network architectures, and one or more hybrid electrical/optical packet/circuit switches configured to perform switching and traffic aggregation. One or more high-speed optical interfaces and one or more low-speed electrical/optical interfaces may be configured to transmit data.

Abstract: Methods and systems for flexible-client, flexible-link optical transponders include electrical-to-optical transponders, which accept client data from a flow distributor, and a first multiplexing switch that connects modulated optical carriers from the transponders to line interfaces. The electrical-to-optical transponders each include a flexible optical transport unit (OTU) framer module that compresses multiple optical data units (ODUs) into a single ODU having a higher order than any of the input ODUs to form an optical transport network (OTN) frame. An electrical-to-optical modulator modulates OTN frames onto a carrier. The transponder includes a second multiplexing switch that accepts optical carriers from line interfaces and optical-to-electrical transponders that accept modulated optical carriers from the second multiplexing switch.

Abstract: A spectrum-aware rate selection includes finding a set of channels based on spectrum availability information such that the total required spectrum for a requested data rate of a traffic demand is minimized.

Abstract: We propose an efficient procedure, namely disjoint pair procedure based cloud service embedding procedure that first maps working and backup virtual nodes over physical nodes while balancing computational resources of different types, and finally, maps working and backup virtual links over physical routes while balancing network spectral resources using the disjoint pair procedure.

Abstract: Systems and methods for data transport, including receiving one or more signals into a reconfigurable and flexible rate shared rate multi-transponder network architecture, wherein the network architecture includes one or more transponders with multiple line side interfaces and one or more client side interfaces. The transponders are configured to map one or more signals to multiple parallel Virtual Ethernet Links, remove idle characters from the one or more signals, buffer one or more blocks of characters using an intermediate block buffer, activate and deactivate one or more portions of input/output electrical lanes of an Ethernet module, multiplex and demultiplex the one or more signals to and from the input/output electrical lanes to enable sharing of a single optical transceiver by multiple independent signals, and insert blocks of idle characters to enable transmission over a lower rate transmission pipe.

Abstract: A method for solving a cloud embedding problem includes first mapping virtual links over physical links followed by virtual nodes over physical nodes. The inventive method entails an efficient procedure, namely network followed by compute load balancing (NCLB), that first maps virtual links over physical links while balancing network resources, and finally, maps virtual nodes over physical nodes while balancing different types of computational resources.

Abstract: A method entails an efficient procedure, namely Compute followed by Network Load Balancing (CNLB), that first maps virtual nodes over physical nodes while balancing computational resources of different types, and finally, maps virtual links over physical routes while balancing network spectral resources

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing style-based spellchecking are provided. An example system includes a dictionary that includes one or more words in a language. At least one word in the dictionary is based on one or more styles of the language. The system also includes a language module that receives a user selection of the language in which to spellcheck a document. The system further includes a style module that receives a user selection of one or more selected styles of the language. The system also includes a spellchecking module that identifies in the document a word applicable to the one or more selected styles and that determines whether the dictionary includes one or more spellings of the word based on the one or more selected styles.

Abstract: A system and method for assessing translation quality are disclosed. In one example, a computer system receives data associated with a translation from a first text in a first natural language to a second text in a second natural language, wherein the data comprises a first value that is based on one or more semantic errors of the second text, a second value that is based on extraneous content in the second text, and a third value that is based on missing content in the second text; and determining by the computer system, based on the first value, the second value, and the third value, a score that quantifies translation quality of the second text with respect to the first text.

Abstract: A method implemented in a network apparatus used in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical network is disclosed. The method includes (a) selecting unconsidered virtual link (VL) (i,j) with a maximum cost, a cost being requested line rate rij on VL(i, j)×shortest distance between nodes i and j, (b) selecting unconsidered route k out of K-shortest routes between nodes i and j of VL(i, j), (c) determining a bit map of unconsidered route k, (d) finding a modulation format that supports requested line rate rij with minimum spectrum ? r ij s z ? , where Sz is spectral efficiency with which the modulation format transmits a channel, (e) finding ? r ij s z ? consecutive spectrum slots at M lowest wavelengths in the bit map of selected route k, and (f) determining fragmentation factor Fkm after provisioning a channel at each wavelength m on selected route k, where 1?m?M. Other apparatuses, systems, and methods also are disclosed.

Abstract: A method implemented in a network apparatus used in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical network is disclosed. The method includes (a) finding K-shortest routes between each node pair (s, d), where s, d?V and |V|?K, where V is a set of reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM) nodes, (b) selecting unconsidered node pair (s, d), (c) selecting unconsidered route k between nodes s and d out of the K-shortest routes, (d) finding a bit map of route k by performing bit-wise logical AND operation on bit vectors of fibers along route k, (e) selecting unconsidered line rate l out of offered set L of line rates, and (f) finding a probability ?ls,d,k of provisioning a connection with line rate l. Other apparatuses, systems, and methods also are disclosed.

Abstract: The inventive method, implemented in an optical flexible wavelength division multiplexing FWDM network, includes finding a connection route in an optical FWDM network on which a channel with sufficient spectrum is available at lowest wavelength among all available channels, finding K channels at first available K lower wavelengths out of available channels for minimizing total required spectrum; and selecting a channel which is routed through minimum number of optical fiber paths out of the K available channels at one of the lower wavelengths.

Abstract: An inventive method implemented in a communications system includes obtaining a first data rate in a flexible wavelength division multiplexing FWDM network and applying a recursive rate selection for determining a given data rate from the obtained first data rate such that a required spectrum over the FWDM network for the given data rate is minimized, the first data rate being lower than the given data rate.

Abstract: A method implemented in an optical flexible wavelength division multiplexing FWDM network includes finding a first channel out of available channels with sufficient spectrum on a given route out of available channels in an optical FWDM network; finding a second channel at a lower wavelength out of the available channels for minimizing total spectrum on the given route; selecting a channel out of the available channels on K-distinct shortest routes; and finding line rates of channels using a predetermined channel selection.