Abstract: A generic centralized, software-defined networking configuration for connecting network is defined as a generic multi-layer topology network entities interconnected either vertically or horizontally regardless of the employed network topology/graph). This centralized configuration enables establishment of a connection between any two networking entities by 1) bypassing intermediate protocol layers and 2) eliminating any handshaking between peer elements of the same layer. The centralized software-defined controller notifies in parallel all involved network entities along a connection path to take all necessary actions (i.e. reconfiguration) to establish the new connection. The centralized controller has authority to control only entities that are software-defined SD.

Abstract: A mechanism for modifying a language of a user interface in a computing device. A method includes receiving, by a computing device, a request to modify a first language of a user interface of the computing device to a second language. The user interface comprises text displayed in the first language. The method also includes converting, by the computing device, the first language of the user interface to the second language during runtime of the computing device without losing a session of a user of the computing device.

Abstract: A method for blocking estimation to evaluate connection blocking in flexible optical wavelength division multiplexing WDM networks includes a novel Markovian model to analyze the steady state probabilities and connection blocking probability along a fiber in FWDM networks and finding the state dependent arrival rate for each type of line rate on a fiber

Abstract: A spectrum-aware rate selection includes finding a set of channels based on spectrum availability information such that the total required spectrum for a requested data rate of a traffic demand is minimized.

Abstract: A software-defined (SD) optical network is disclosed. An SD optical line terminal (OLT) includes a global SD controller, one or more SD OLT drivers connected to the global SD controller, and an underlying hardware component connected to each of said one or more SD OLT drivers. An SD optical network unit (ONU) includes a local SD controller, one or more SD optical network unit (ONU) drivers connected to the local SD controller, and an underlying hardware component connected to each of said one or more SD ONU drivers, wherein the local SD controller manages said one or more SD ONU drivers by issuing commands communicated to said one or more SD ONU drivers, and wherein each of said one or more SD ONU drivers implements a required function on the underlying hardware component. Other apparatuses, systems, and methods also are disclosed.

Abstract: Hybrid application of the generic evolution and simulated annealing methods are used to solve routing, wavelength assignment, and spectrum allocation sub-problems of a light-tree establishment problem in a flexible wavelength division multiplexing FWDM optical network.

Abstract: A method and system for facilitating the rendering of content by a web service in a local language associated with the user device. The system includes a server configured to receive, from the web service, a request including a locale identifier and user-inputted content received from the user device. The server identifies one or more language parameters based on the locale identifier. In an embodiment, the system provides the language parameters and a content presentation engine to the web service for dynamically rendering the user-inputted content to the user device according to the one or more language parameters. In another embodiment, the server caches a content presentation engine and the language parameters to the user device for rendering content generated by the web service.

Abstract: An inventive method implemented in a communications system includes obtaining a first data rate in a flexible wavelength division multiplexing FWDM network and applying a recursive rate selection for determining a given data rate from the obtained first data rate such that a required spectrum over the FWDM network for the given data rate is minimized, the first data rate being lower than the given data rate.

Abstract: A method implemented in an optical flexible wavelength division multiplexing FWDM network includes finding a first channel out of available channels with sufficient spectrum on a given route out of available channels in an optical FWDM network; finding a second channel at a lower wavelength out of the available channels for minimizing total spectrum on the given route; selecting a channel out of the available channels on K-distinct shortest routes; and finding line rates of channels using a predetermined channel selection.

Abstract: The inventive method, implemented in an optical flexible wavelength division multiplexing FWDM network, includes finding a connection route in an optical FWDM network on which a channel with sufficient spectrum is available at lowest wavelength among all available channels, finding K channels at first available K lower wavelengths out of available channels for minimizing total required spectrum; and selecting a channel which is routed through minimum number of optical fiber paths out of the K available channels at one of the lower wavelengths.