Abstract: An assessment of literacy and linguistic abilities targets a combination of these abilities by asking the subject to spell projected words. The invention achieves a standardized method of scoring developmental responses and achieves facilitated replication that is applicable to any child's responses. The quantitative scoring system and method have proven to be reliable and replicable. The method includes audibly projecting a word to a student. The word consists os a plurality of phonemes, each phoneme corresponding to a sound and to at least one letter. The student is asked to provide an attempt to spell the word based upon the sounds in the word, the attempt comprising at least one letter. The student attempt is scored, and at least partial credit is given for a student attempt that is incorrect but that includes at least one acceptable letter-phoneme correspondence.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing an optical film, in which a transparent cycloolefin copolymer (COC) material is used as a raw material thereof and solved in a solvent to constitute a solution for forming the optical film. The thus formed optical film may have optical characteristics similar to those of prior-art optical film. Therefore, a retardation film or a protective film may be manufactured using cheaper and more accessible raw materials.

Abstract: A bicycle provides two pedaling modes for increasing more pedaling interest. The bicycle has a bicycle body, a rotating shaft tube, two cranks and two pedals. The bicycle body has two handlebars respectively disposed on right and left sides thereof, two wheels respectively disposed on front and rear sides thereof and a seat disposed between the two wheels. The two cranks respectively are connected to two ends of the rotating shaft structure and the two pedals respectively are connected to the two cranks. The rotating shaft tube has a rotating shaft structure and a mode change apparatus. The mode change apparatus is used for changing pedaling modes.