Abstract: A process for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from sour gas or other gases produced upon the retorting of shale by the injection of an aqueous ammonia solution. Further, this process reduces the amount of arsenic present in product oil formed in the retort process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalyst and process for making same wherein sepiolite is ion exchanged with a Group Ib, IIb, IIb, IVb, Vb, or VIIa metal, impregnated with a VIa metal and exchanged with a magnesium salt with intervening processing steps of calcining. The catalyst composition is useful in removing metals and hydroprocessing of hydrocarbon feedstocks. The catalyst can also be mixed with a high silica/alumina ratio zeolite such as sodium ZSM-5 zeolite.

Abstract: A subterranean, viscous oil-containing formation, e.g. tar sands, which has previously been exploited by an in-situ combustion operation to recover the maximum amount of oil therefrom and leaving a solid coke like residue in the formation, is first saturated with a combustible gas such as methane, ethane, propane, natural gas or mixtures thereof, thereafter reinitiating in-situ combustion and then injecting a mixture of an oxygen-containing gas and steam to convert the coke like residue to a combustible product gas consisting predominantly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen within the formation. The combustible product gas is recovered and may be utilized directly as a fuel gas, or may be utilized as feed stock for petro chemical manufacturing processes.

Abstract: A method for converting hydrocarbonaceous materials such as oil shale, tar sands and other similar materials into hydrocarbonaceous fluids by use of a liquid hydrogen donor wherein the reaction is conducted in a substantially air free environment and the resultant modified organic content on said shale is recovered without the use of a hydrocarbonaceous solvent.

Abstract: Apparatus adapted for converting coal and heavy oil to volatile hydrocarbons comprising a thermal cracking reactor having a thermal cracking zone enclosed in an interior tubular riser within a vertical shell, lower inlet means for receiving hot coal and heavy oil and upper outlet means for removing a first cracked hydrocarbon volatilized portion and a non-volatile portion, said outlet means including a plurality of horizontally radial conduits for distributing reaction products from the thermal cracking zone outwardly. An enclosed steam stripping zone is operatively connected to receive the non-volatile portion from the thermal cracking zone having means for contacting superheated steam with said non-volatile portion at higher temperature for removing a second volatilized hydrocarbon portion from the non-volatile portion.The apparatus includes a combustor having an upper heating chamber and a lower combustion chamber.

Abstract: The present application relates to a method for enhancing the recovery of hydrocarbonaceous fluids from oil shale containing organic carbon material which comprises heating the oil shale in a retort vessel to a temperature at which thermal decomposition of the organic carbons is initiated. After the initial thermal decomposition temperature is reached, a pre-determined quantity of oil is introduced into the retort wherein the amount of added oil is sufficient to enhance the organic carbon conversion to hydrocarbonaceous fluids and wherein the majority of the added oil does not distill at the initial thermal decomposition temperature of the organic carbons in the shale. Subsequently, the retort temperature is increased to that temperature where the highest amount of organic carbon conversion is obtained. This second higher temperature is maintained for a period of time sufficient to allow substantial conversion of organic carbon material.

Abstract: A combination process for the treatment of oil shale to recover hydrocarbonaceous material therefrom comprising the steps of solvent treating said oil shale, sequentially solvent extracting said treated oil shale, hydrotreating the extracts and processing any carbon remaining on said oil shale to recover heat or gas values therefrom.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of uranium from spent shale by treating the spent shale with a compound selected from the group consisting of methanol, a mixture of methanol and water, and a mixture of methanol and sodium methoxide at between about 240.degree. and 450.degree. C. and atmospheric pressure or higher. The treated spent shale is then leached with an aqueous acid solution such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or nitric acid to remove 90% of the uranium from the spent shale and the leached uranium is recovered from the acid solution in a manner known per se.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the substantial reduction of hydrogen sulfide formation during retorting of oil shale by previously treating the oil shale under mild oxidative conditions to passivate the pyrite present in the oil shale. The oxidation of the oil shale under mild oxidative conditions results in the reduction of hydrogen sulfide formation during retorting without a decrease in the amount of oil produced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for recovery of additional hydrocarbonaceous fluids from spent oil shale that had been subjected to regular retorting operations, by treating the spent shale with an alkali-methoxide/methanol solution.

Abstract: In-situ combustion of tar sand formations is improved by introducing into an unminable tar sand formation prior to initiation of in-situ combustion hydrogen sulfide produced from upgrading tar sands from a minable tar sand formation in an area proximate the area of the unminable formation. The stream of hydrogen sulfide may contain a small proportion of hydrocarbons condensible at temperature and pressure conditions of the unminable formation. The improvement is applicable to both forward and reverse in-situ combustion processes.

Abstract: A process is provided wherein methanol is converted over spent shale to products such as mercaptans, disulfides and ethylene.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalyst and process for making same wherein sepiolite is ion exchanged with a Group Ib, IIb, IIIb, IVb, Vb, or VIIa metal, impregnated with VIa metal and exchanged with a magnesium salt with intervening processing steps of calcining. The catalyst composition is useful in removing metals and hydroprocessing of hydrocarbon feedstocks. The catalyst can also be mixed with a high silica/alumina ratio zeolite such as sodium ZSM-5 zeolite.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a beneficiation process for oil shale ore which contains substantial or detrimental amounts of pyrites wherein the ore is simultaneously treated to substantially reduce hydrogen sulfide formation during subsequent retorting.

Abstract: A process for preparing diesel fuel from coal-derived light fuel oils by alkylating said coal-derived light fuel oils with olefins and hydrotreating said alkylated product.

Abstract: A method for upgrading a high boiling hydrocarbon fraction by reducing the molecular weight of at least a portion of the waxy or non-waxy constituents of the fraction with a catalyst composed of a heat stable crystalline zeolite in a matrix comprising a degraded heat-sensitive crystalline zeolite.

Abstract: A method of reclaiming usable stock from used lubricating oil includes passing the used oil through a bed of oil shale containing kerogen. The shale removes impurities from the oil. The shale is then heated to convert the kerogens to shale oil in the presence of hydrogen donor compounds contained in the lubricating oil remaining in the shale. These enhance hydrogen transfer during shale oil production.

Abstract: Crude oil, when mildly dewaxed in the absence or presence of added hydrogen, separates into two phases with different pour points. A filtration step, which removes less than 5 percent of the product as solids, prevents this phase separation.

Abstract: A method of preparing zeolite ZSM-5 type crystals and mixtures thereof which comprises crystallizing the substantially pure zeolite material from a silica and, optionally, alumina gel mixture in the presence of organic nitrogen-N-oxides and the products produced thereby, thermally or unthermally treated.

Abstract: Lead impurities are removed from liquid hydrocarbons by contacting them with a solid sorbent having anhydrous HCl adsorbed therein.