Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods for forming a two-dimensional silicon oxide negative electroactive material. The methods include contacting a two-dimensional silicon allotrope and an oxidizing agent in an environment having a temperature of greater than or equal to about 25° C. to less than or equal to about 1,000° C., where the contacting of the two-dimensional silicon allotrope and the oxidizing agent causes the two-dimensional silicon allotrope to oxidize and form the two-dimensional silicon oxide negative electroactive material. In certain variations, the oxidizing agent includes oxygen and the contacting of the two-dimensional silicon allotrope and the oxidizing agent may include disposing the two-dimensional silicon allotrope in an oxygen-containing environment comprising less than or equal to about 21% of oxygen. In other variations, the oxidizing agent includes a wet chemical agent.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a negative electrode for an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions. The negative electrode may include a negative electroactive material and a lithiation additive. The negative electroactive material may have a first cell voltage window. The lithiation additive may have a second cell voltage window. The second cell voltage window may be less than the first cell voltage window. When the electrochemical cell is operated in the second cell voltage window, the lithiation additive may lithiated the cell.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electroactive material for an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions. The electroactive material includes a plurality of electroactive particles having an average diameter greater than or equal to about 100 nm to less than or equal to about 50 ?m. Each electroactive particle includes a layered anode material defined by a two-dimensional allotrope. The two-dimensional allotrope includes a plurality of atomic layers that include a negative electroactive material selected from the group consisting of: silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), boron (B), and combinations thereof. In certain variations, the layered anode material may be prelithiated. For example, lithium ions may be dispersed between the atomic layers of the two-dimensional allotrope to pre-lithiate the layered anode material.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for forming a layered anode material. The method includes contacting a precursor material and a first electrolyte. The precursor material is a layered ionic compound represented by MX2, where M is one of calcium and magnesium and X is one of silicon, germanium, and boron. The method further includes applying a first bias and/or current as the precursor material contacts the first electrolyte so as to remove cations from the precursor material to create a two-dimensional structure that defines the layered anode material. In certain variations, the method further include contacting the two-dimensional structure and a second electrolyte, and applying a second bias and/or current as the two-dimensional structure contacts the second electrolyte so as to cause lithium ions to move into interlayer spaces or voids created in the two-dimensional structure by the removal of the cations thereby forming the layered anode material.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for forming a prelithiated, layered anode material. The method includes contacting a precursor material and an electrolyte that includes one or more lithium salts and one or more solvents. The electrolyte may have a molarity greater than or equal to about 0.1 M to less than or equal to a solubility limit of the one or more lithium salts in the one or more solvents. The precursor material may be a three-dimensional layered material and the contacting of the precursor material and the electrolyte causes removal of cations from the precursor material and introduction of lithium ions from the electrolyte into interlayer spaces or voids created by the removal of the cations to form the prelithiated, layered anode material.

Abstract: A modular tulip assembly has a rod receiving tulip and a saddle. The saddle is interlockingly held inside a distal portion of the tulip. The saddle has an external locking groove or recess. The tulip has a locking projection. The locking projection is positioned into the external locking groove or recess and holds the saddle in a pre-loaded unlocked state ready to be pushed onto a head of an implanted bone screw. Upon receiving the head of the bone screw, the saddle can be moved distally relative to the tulip to a locked state by moving the locking groove or recess distally past the locking projection to where the proximal end of the saddle is past abutting the locking projection.

Abstract: A modular tulip assembly has a rod receiving tulip and a saddle. The saddle is interlockingly held inside a distal portion of the tulip. The saddle has an external locking groove or recess. The tulip has a locking projection. The locking projection is positioned into the external locking groove or recess and holds the saddle in a pre-loaded unlocked state ready to be pushed onto a head of an implanted bone screw. Upon receiving the head of the bone screw, the saddle can be moved distally relative to the tulip to a locked state by moving the locking groove or recess distally past the locking projection to where the proximal end of the saddle is past abutting the locking projection.

Abstract: This invention is a new and distinct sweet cherry plant denominated ‘IFG Cher-eight’. The new sweet cherry plant ‘IFG Cher-eight’ is characterized by producing large size medium dark red fruits having reniform shape. Fruits ripen early, have medium firm, medium acid fruit with a good cherry flavor and strong stem attachment. ‘IFG Cher-eight’ has a low chilling requirement and produces a high percentage of marketable fruit in warm climates.

Abstract: Provided, in one aspect, is a groove measurement system. The groove measurement system, according to this aspect, includes a go measurement apparatus, the go measurement apparatus having first and second go gages protruding from one or more surfaces thereof, the first go gage having a go width (WG) generally equal to a minimum desirable groove width (WMI) of a desired groove, and the second go gage having a go depth (DG) generally equal to the minimum desirable groove depth (DMI). The groove measurement system, according to this aspect, additionally include a no-go measurement apparatus, the no-go measurement apparatus having first and second no-go gages protruding from one or more surfaces thereof, the first no-go gage having a no-go width (WNG) greater than the maximum desirable groove width (WMA), and the second no-go gage having a no-go depth (DNG) generally equal to the maximum desirable groove depth (DMA).

Abstract: This invention is a new and distinct grapevine variety denominated ‘IFG Forty-five’. The new grapevine is characterized by producing naturally large, broad ellipsoidal, completely black seedless berries which are firm in texture and ripen early in the growing season. Fruits normally ripen in late July to early August near Delano, Calif.

Abstract: This invention is a new and distinct grapevine variety denominated ‘IFG Forty-four’. The new grapevine is characterized by producing small naturally seedless reddish black berries having an ellipsoid shape with a Concord like labrusca flavor. Fruits normally ripen early-season, about mid to late July near Delano Calif. Fruits are fairly low in acidity, with a soft to slightly firm texture. Berries color readily even in hot climatic conditions and produce completely colored dark reddish black berries. Vines are very productive and can be pruned to short spurs.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for modeling and analyzing utility structures according to applied loads. Particularly, a model engine can utilize inputs related to a utility structure, environmental conditions to which the utility structure is subjected, and engineering standards expected of the utility structure, and analyze the structure's loading and performance based on analysis configuration inputs. An engine or multiple engines can be run locally, or can be instantiated in a cloud to assist with multiple or complex calculations. Hybrid and geometric non-linear analyses and outputs can be performed or provided.

Abstract: This invention is a new and distinct grapevine variety denominated ‘IFG Thirty-eight’. The new grapevine is characterized by producing medium size round white berries having crisp texture with a very strong muscat flavor and which ripens in midseason. Berries are borne on medium size clusters which are compact.

Abstract: This invention is a new and distinct sweet cherry variety denominated ‘IFG Cher-ten’. The new sweet cherry tree is characterized by producing large size, dark red fruits having reniform shape. Fruits ripen early, are firm with medium acidity and have a good cherry flavor. Fruit stems are long, medium thick, have strong attachment and stay green during storage and shipping. ‘IFG Cher-ten’ is self-incompatible having S1S3 pollen alleles. The tree has a medium-low chilling requirement of about 400 to 500 hours. It produces very few doubled and spurred fruits in high summer temperature regions.

Abstract: This invention is a new and distinct grapevine variety denominated ‘IFG Forty-four’. The new grapevine is characterized by producing small naturally seedless reddish black berries having an ellipsoid shape with a Concord like labrusca flavor. Fruits normally ripen early-season, about mid to late July near Delano Calif. Fruits are fairly low in acidity, with a soft to slightly firm texture. Berries color readily even in hot climatic conditions and produce completely colored dark reddish black berries. Vines are very productive and can be pruned to short spurs.

Abstract: This invention is a new and distinct grapevine variety denominated ‘IFG Forty-five’. The new grapevine is characterized by producing naturally large, broad ellipsoidal, completely black seedless berries which are firm in texture and ripen early in the growing season. Fruits normally ripen in late July to early August near Delano, Calif.

Abstract: This invention is a new and distinct grapevine variety denominated ‘IFG Forty-six’. The new grapevine is characterized by producing naturally large size oblong seedless green berries having a very crisp texture, thin skin and which ripen in late season and are tolerant of rain during ripening. Berries are borne on large size clusters which are somewhat tight and require gibberellin to thin.

Abstract: This invention is a new and distinct sweet cherry plant denominated ‘IFG Cher-eight’. The new sweet cherry plant ‘IFG Cher-eight’ is characterized by producing large size medium dark red fruits having reniform shape. Fruits ripen early, have medium firm, medium acid fruit with a good cherry flavor and strong stem attachment. ‘IFG Cher-eight’ has a low chilling requirement and produces a high percentage of marketable fruit in warm climates.

Abstract: This invention is a new and distinct grapevine variety denominated ‘IFG Forty-seven’. The new grapevine ‘IFG Forty-seven’ is characterized by producing small dark red berries having a broad ellipsoid shape with a unique strong fruity labrusca flavor reminiscent of artificial grape flavor. Fruits normally ripen in early season about late June to early July near Delano Calif. Fruits have medium to firm texture. Vines are productive and can be pruned to short spurs.

Abstract: This invention is a new and distinct variety of grapevine denominated ‘IFG Forty-eight’. The new grapevine is characterized by producing small sized obtuse ovoid white berries having crisp texture with a strong muscat flavor and which ripens in early season. Berries are borne on medium size clusters which are loose and do not need gibberellin applications to thin clusters. Gibberellin is required to increase berry size.