Abstract: A delay measurement technique using a tapped delay line edge capture circuit that captures tap position of edges within the delay line provides accuracy of measurement to one pico-second and below. A control circuit causes latches to capture an edge of a signal delayed through the delay line at taps of the delay line. The frequency of a clock from which the signal is derived is adjusted and tap outputs are captured by latches and averaged. A first frequency is found at which the average edge position is midway between two adjacent tap positions. A second signal, which may be the reference signal that clocks the latches, is propagated through the delay line and a second frequency is found for which the average edge position lies at the boundary between the two tap positions. The delay is determined from the difference between the periods of the first frequency and the second frequency.

Abstract: A clock driver control scheme for a resonant clock distribution network provides robust operation by controlling a pulse width of the output of clock driver circuits that drive the resonant clock distribution network so that changes are sequenced. The clock driver control circuit controls the clock driver circuits in the corresponding sector according to a selected operating mode via a plurality of control signals provided to corresponding clock driver circuits. The pulse widths differ for at least some of the sectors during operation of digital circuits within the integrated circuit having clock inputs coupled to the resonant clock distribution network. The different pulse widths may be a transient difference that is imposed in response to a mode or frequency change of the global clock that provides an input to the clock driver circuits.

Abstract: A clock driver control scheme for a resonant clock distribution network provides robust operation by controlling a pulse width of the output of clock driver circuits that drive the resonant clock distribution network so that changes are sequenced. The clock driver control circuit controls the clock driver circuits in the corresponding sector according to a selected operating mode via a plurality of control signals provided to corresponding clock driver circuits. The pulse widths differ for at least some of the sectors during operation of digital circuits within the integrated circuit having clock inputs coupled to the resonant clock distribution network. The different pulse widths may be a transient difference that is imposed in response to a mode or frequency change of the global clock that provides an input to the clock driver circuits.

Abstract: A pulse-drive resonant clock with on-the fly mode changing provides robust operation in a resonant clock distribution network, in particular for processor circuits having a dynamically-varied operating frequency. The clock drivers for the resonant clock distribution network include a pulse width control circuit having selectable operating modes corresponding to multiple clocking modes of the resonant clock distribution network. The pulse width control circuit includes a delay line that has a selectable delay length to provide pulse enable signals that control the pulse widths of the clock drivers in a sector of the resonant clock distribution network. The delay line responds to a mode control signal so that at least one pulse width of the output is changed from a first pulse width to a second pulse width without generating half-cycles with a pulse width narrower than the first or second pulse width.

Abstract: A pulse-drive resonant clock with on-the fly mode changing provides robust operation in a resonant clock distribution network, in particular for processor circuits having a dynamically-varied operating frequency. The clock drivers for the resonant clock distribution network include a pulse width control circuit having selectable operating modes corresponding to multiple clocking modes of the resonant clock distribution network. The pulse width control circuit includes a delay line that has a selectable delay length to provide pulse enable signals that control the pulse widths of the clock drivers in a sector of the resonant clock distribution network. The delay line responds to a mode control signal so that at least one pulse width of the output is changed from a first pulse width to a second pulse width without generating half-cycles with a pulse width narrower than the first or second pulse width.

Abstract: A method is provided for N-alkylation of acridine compounds by reduction of acridines to corresponding acridans to improve the reactivity of the acridine nitrogen, and subsequent N-alkylation of the acridans in ionic liquid solvents to provide the corresponding acridinium compounds in high yield. This inventive process improves chemical conversion, and does not require the use of highly toxic alkylating agents, such as 1,3-propane sultone.

Abstract: Zwitterion-containing compounds for the modification of hydrophobic molecules to improve their solubility and/or to lower their non-specific binding as provided. The zwitterion-containing compounds may be suitable for modification of detectable labels such as biotin and fluorescein to improve their solubility. The zwitterion-containing compounds may also be useful for the preparation of conjugates of proteins, peptides and other macromolecules or for crosslinking molecules and/or macromolecules.

Abstract: Zwitterion-containing compounds for the modification of hydrophobic molecules to improve their solubility and/or to lower their non-specific binding as provided. The zwitterion-containing compounds may be suitable for modification of detectable labels such as biotin and fluorescein to improve their solubility. The zwitterion-containing compounds may also be useful for the preparation of conjugates of proteins, peptides and other macromolecules or for crosslinking molecules and/or macromolecules.

Abstract: Zwitterion-containing compounds for the modification of hydrophobic molecules to improve their solubility and/or to lower their non-specific binding as provided. The zwitterion-containing compounds may be suitable for modification of detectable labels such as biotin and fluorescein to improve their solubility. The zwitterion-containing compounds may also be useful for the preparation of conjugates of proteins, peptides and other macromolecules or for crosslinking molecules and/or macromolecules.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of enhancing chemiluminescence from a chemiluminescent label comprising contacting a chemiluminescent label with an acid in the presence of a degradable cationic surfactant and hydrogen peroxide followed by the addition of a base. Related kits containing such degradable cationic surfactant are also provided. The degradable cationic surfactant can compress light emission time of the chemiluminescent label to an extent that is comparable to or shorter than conventional surfactants. The degradable cationic surfactant can also increase chemiluminescence of the chemiluminescent label, providing increased light emission output that is comparable to conventional surfactants.

Abstract: A method is provided for N-alkylation of acridine compounds by reduction of acridines to corresponding acridans to improve the reactivity of the acridine nitrogen, and subsequent N-alkylation of the acridans in ionic liquid solvents to provide the corresponding acridinium compounds in high yield. This inventive process improves chemical conversion, and does not require the use of highly toxic alkylating agents, such as 1,3-propane sultone.

Abstract: High performance clock distributions and similar wiring networks require improvements in reliability and performance. This is especially true when hierarchical wiring with different metal thicknesses is employed and when a smaller number of large, higher-power buffers are used to reduce timing variability. Routing of critical nets improves robustness, reliability, and resistance while minimizing track and power usage. The method further optimizes the use of multiple physical pins on buffers to achieve desired electrical criteria. This involves optimal selection of additional routing beyond what is needed to satisfy simple connectivity. The routing involves an iterative process to select and evaluate additional possible routes on multiple layers. Each iteration involves extraction and simulation or estimation, and additional routes are added until the desired electrical criteria are met.

Abstract: Zwitterion-containing compounds for the modification of hydrophobic molecules to improve their solubility and/or to lower their non-specific binding as provided. The zwitterion-containing compounds may be suitable for modification of detectable labels such as biotin and fluorescein to improve their solubility. The zwitterion-containing compounds may also be useful for the preparation of conjugates of proteins, peptides and other macromolecules or for crosslinking molecules and/or macromolecules.

Abstract: A method is provided for N-alkylation of acridine compounds, typically with a 1,3- propane sultone alkylating reagent, in ionic liquid solvents to provide the corresponding acridinium compounds in high yield.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a porous vegetable filler for use in a foaming process mainly comprises exposing discarded coffee grounds to sunlight to a moisture content of 5%-15%; then baking the coffee grounds after solarization using a dryer at 120° C.-350° C. for 1 to 4 hours; finally grinding the baked coffee grounds to a size of less than 1000 mesh to obtain a porous vegetable filler for use in a foaming process.

Abstract: A method is provided for N-alkylation of acridine compounds, typically with a 1,3-propane sultone alkylating reagent, in ionic liquid solvents to provide the corresponding acridinium compounds in high yield.

Abstract: A light sensor having a light conversion element between first and second electrodes is disclosed. The light conversion element includes a body of semiconductor material having first and second surfaces. The body of semiconductor material is of a first conductivity type and has doping elements in a concentration gradient that creates a first electrostatic field having a magnitude that varies monotonically from the first surface to the second surface. A bias circuit applies a variable potential between the first and second electrodes to create a second electrostatic field having a direction opposite to that of the first electrostatic field and a magnitude determined by the potential. One of the electrodes is transparent to light in a predetermined band of wavelengths. The body of semiconductor material can include an epitaxial body having a monotonically increasing concentration of a doping element as a function of the distance from one the surfaces.

Abstract: The present invention includes an imaging apparatus having an imaging array, readout amplifier, and controller. The imaging array includes a plurality of pixels that accumulate charge when exposed to light. The readout amplifier receives charge from the pixels and generates a pixel signal indicative of the amount of charge received. The controller causes the charge from a plurality of the pixels to be added together to form a sum charge that is received by the readout amplifier. The imaging array can include a plurality of columns of pixels, and the controller causes the charge from a plurality of pixels in one of the columns to be added together to form a partial sum charge that is included in the sum charge. The readout amplifier can include a horizontal shift register, and the partial sum charge can be generated in the shift cells.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed to an apparatus and a method for synchronizing the velocity of an image of a moving object or target and the clocking of image sensor elements used to track the moving target.

Abstract: An imaging array having a CCD imaging array that includes a plurality of pixels that accumulate charge when exposed to light and a readout amplifier is disclosed. The readout amplifier includes an operational amplifier having an input and an output port and a feedback capacitor connecting the input and output ports and a variable impedance path between the input and output ports, the path having an impedance controlled by a reset signal. A reset signal generator generates the reset signal in three sequential phases in which the path between the input and output ports has three impedance values to provide a starting voltage at the amplifier input prior to the measurement of charge from each pixel that has reduced noise.