Abstract: An example semiconductor device includes a substrate comprising an NMOS region and a PMOS region, a first gate insulating layer disposed on an upper surface of the substrate in the NMOS region, a first NMOS conductive layer contacting an upper surface of the first gate insulating layer and comprising lanthanum oxide (LaO), a second NMOS conductive layer contacting an upper surface of the first NMOS conductive layer, a second gate insulating layer disposed on the upper surface of the substrate in the PMOS region, a first PMOS conductive layer disposed on an upper surface of the second gate insulating layer, a second PMOS conductive layer disposed on an upper surface of the first PMOS conductive layer, and an oxynitride layer disposed between the first PMOS conductive layer and the second PMOS conductive layer. The oxynitride layer contacts the first PMOS conductive layer and the second PMOS conductive layer.

Abstract: The dynamic random access memory system may store the plurality of first operation requests in storage units corresponding to each of the plurality of banks included in dynamic random access memory media respectively, classify the plurality of first operation requests into a plurality of types based on a reference first operation request, determine a score based on the number of first operation requests corresponding to each of the plurality of types, determine whether a switch condition is satisfied based on the score, and suspend, when the switch condition is satisfied, processing of the plurality of first operation requests and processing of a plurality of second operation requests.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided in a wireless communication system in which a radio resource control (RRC) message is received to change or release a secondary cell group (SCG). A re-establishment for a radio link control (RLC) entity of a terminal is performed based on the RRC message. A packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) data recovery is performed based on the RRC message. Performing the PDCP data recovery includes selectively transmitting a PDCP protocol data unit (PDU) previously submitted to the re-established RLC entity, for which a successful delivery has not been confirmed by the re-established RLC entity.

Abstract: The embodiments disclosed herein are directed to an apparatus and method for managing game asset. According to an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus for managing game asset, the apparatus including: a communication interface configured to communicate with a game server, and a controller configured to generate an asset code corresponding to a game asset in the game server and register the asset code on a blockchain network.

Abstract: A memory device includes a memory-operator unit including memory circuits and operating circuits, and a request processing circuit configured to process a memory request and an operation request transmitted from a software domain to transmit a memory command and an address corresponding to the memory request and an operation command and an address corresponding to the operation request to the memory-operator unit. The request processing circuit is configured to schedule processing of the memory request and the operation request, based on a status of the memory request remaining in the request processing circuit, when the operation request is transmitted to the request processing circuit from the software domain.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided in a wireless communication system. Packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) configuration information that configures a PDCP entity of the terminal to use an uplink data compression (UDC) is received from a base station. The PDCP entity generates a UDC header and a UDC data block, based on the PDCP configuration information. The PDCP entity ciphers the UDC header and the UDC data block. The PDCP entity generates PDCP data including a PDCP header, the ciphered UDC header and the ciphered UDC data block. The generated PDCP data is transmitted to the base station. A header compression is not configured in case that the UDC is configured.

Abstract: A memory system includes a memory device comprising plural memory groups, and a controller configured to independently set or adjust a page close time or a page open time for a row or a page in each of the plural memory groups based on whether there is a request to be transferred into each of the plural memory groups.

Abstract: A memory system includes a plurality of memory ranks, and a memory controller configured to control the plurality of memory ranks. The memory controller performs scheduling such that a request to be processed first is selected based on a counting value obtained by counting requests with the plurality of memory ranks as target memory ranks.

Abstract: A vacuum suction head may include a holder including a through hole formed therein, a suction pad surrounding at least a portion of a side surface of the holder, and a packing pad on a lower surface of the holder. The suction pad may protrude below a lower surface of the holder. The packing pad may include a cutout part. The cutout part may allow a space between the suction pad and the packing pad such that the space and the through hole may be in fluid communication with each other.

Abstract: A method, performed by a user equipment (UE), of transmitting and receiving signals in a wireless communication system, according to an embodiment, includes receiving a logical channel release request from a next-generation node B (gNB), determining a logical channel to release, an operation mode of the logical channel to release, and whether a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer apparatus connected to the logical channel is re-established, based on the logical channel release request, and performing PDCP data recovery based on the determination result.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided in a wireless communication system. Packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) configuration information that configures a PDCP entity of the terminal to use an uplink data compression (UDC) is received from a base station. The PDCP entity generates a UDC header and a UDC data block, based on the PDCP configuration information. The PDCP entity ciphers the UDC header and the UDC data block. The PDCP entity generates PDCP data including a PDCP header, the ciphered UDC header and the ciphered UDC data block. The generated PDCP data is transmitted to the base station. A header compression is not configured in case that the UDC is configured.

Abstract: A method, performed by a user equipment (UE), of transmitting and receiving signals in a wireless communication system, according to an embodiment, includes receiving a logical channel release request from a next-generation node B (gNB), determining a logical channel to release, an operation mode of the logical channel to release, and whether a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer apparatus connected to the logical channel is re-established, based on the logical channel release request, and performing PDCP data recovery based on the determination result.

Abstract: Provided is a method for performing uplink data compression (UDC) by a user equipment (UE). The method includes receiving configuration information on UDC; generating a first UDC packet by compressing uplink data, based on the configuration information on UDC; transmitting the first UDC packet; receiving, from the base station, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer control information including checksum error information about whether a checksum error has occurred in the first UDC packet; and resetting a UDC buffer used in compressing the uplink data, based on the PDCP layer control information.

Abstract: A cache system includes a cache memory having a plurality of blocks, a dirty line list storing status information of a predetermined number of dirty lines among dirty lines in the plurality of blocks, and a cache controller controlling a data caching operation of the cache memory and providing statuses and variation of statuses of the dirty lines, according to the data caching operation, to the dirty line list. The cache controller performs a control operation to always store status information of a least-recently-used (LRU) dirty line into a predetermined storage location of the dirty line list.

Abstract: A storage system includes a storage device and a host device. The storage device includes a nonvolatile memory device having a first size and a first volatile memory device having a second size smaller than the first size and configured to operate as a cache memory with respect to the nonvolatile memory device. The first volatile memory device is configured to allow a first bus portion access to cache data stored in the first volatile memory device. The host device is configured to generate a cache table corresponding to information in the cache data stored in the first volatile memory device and configured to read the cache data stored in the first volatile memory device via the first bus portion based on the cache table.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a maple leaf extract or fraction thereof for preventing or treating a retinal disease, a method for preventing or treating a retinal disease using the pharmaceutical composition, and a food composition comprising a maple leaf extract or fraction thereof for ameliorating the symptoms of a retinal disease. The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention, which is effective for the treatment of a retinal disease, can be used pharmaceutically as a composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, and can also be used advantageously as a health functional food.

Abstract: A method of UE includes receiving a radio resource control (RRC) message for configuring bandwidth parts (BWPs) of a serving cell, receiving a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) indicating activation of a first BWP, performing a BWP switching to the first BWP indicated by the PDCCH, and starting a first downlink BWP timer associated with the first BWP. A UE includes a transceiver, and at least one controller coupled with the transceiver, the at least one controller configured to receive an RRC message for configuring BWPs of a serving cell, receive a PDCCH indicating activation of a first BWP, perform a BWP switching to the first BWP indicated by the PDCCH, and start a first downlink BWP timer associated with the first BWP.

Abstract: Provided is a method, performed by a user equipment (UE), of processing data in a wireless communication system, the method including: determining a format for buffer status report based on a buffer status of each of logical channel groups when the UE receiving an uplink transmission resource from a base station determines to report the buffer status to the base station; allocating, to each of the logical channel groups, a transmission resource remaining after excluding, from the uplink transmission resource, a transmission resource used for reporting the buffer status of the determined format; and re-determining the format for the buffer status report based on the buffer status of each of the logical channel groups after the allocating.

Abstract: Methods for performing a random access procedure by a terminal and a base station in a wireless communication system, a terminal, and a base station are provided. The method for performing a random access procedure by a terminal in a wireless communication system includes selecting a physical random access channel (PRACH) resource from one or more PRACH resources; transmitting, to a base station, a random access preamble based on the selected PRACH resource; identifying a random access radio network temporary identifier (RA-RNTI) based on information associated with the selected PRACH resource, wherein the information includes identity information for an uplink used for the random access preamble transmission; and monitoring a control channel for a random access response (RAR) based on the RA-RNTI.

Abstract: A cache system includes a cache memory having a plurality of blocks, a dirty line list storing status information of a predetermined number of dirty lines among dirty lines in the plurality of blocks, and a cache controller controlling a data caching operation of the cache memory and providing statuses and variation of statuses of the dirty lines, according to the data caching operation, to the dirty line list. The cache controller performs a control operation to always store status information of a least-recently-used (LRU) dirty line into a predetermined storage location of the dirty line list.