Abstract: A piezoelectric device including: a first electrode layer provided so as to overlie a substrate; a second electrode layer disposed so as to face the first electrode layer; and a piezoelectric layer disposed between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. The first electrode layer has a conductive layer and a barrier layer. The barrier layer is provided between the conductive layer and the piezoelectric layer so as to prevent the conductive layer from contacting the piezoelectric layer.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid ejecting head including a piezoelectric element which includes a piezoelectric layer and electrodes provided on the piezoelectric layer on an upper portion of a zirconium oxide layer, in which the zirconium oxide layer is formed of granular crystal grains.

Abstract: A liquid jet head includes: a nozzle plate having a nozzle opening; a pressure chamber substrate having a pressure chamber communicating with the nozzle opening and formed above the nozzle plate; a vibration formed on one side of the pressure chamber substrate; and a piezoelectric element formed above the vibration plate and provided at a position corresponding to the pressure chamber, wherein the piezoelectric element includes two electrodes, a piezoelectric layer provided between the electrodes, and an orientation layer that is provided between one of the electrodes closer to the vibration plate and the piezoelectric layer, wherein the orientation layer includes a mixed crystal of lanthanum nickelate, and the lanthanum nickelate included in the mixed crystal is expressed by a formula LaxNiyOz, where x is an integer of any of 1 to 3, y is 1 or 2, and z is an integer of any of 2 to 7.

Abstract: A piezoelectric device comprises a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer above the first electrode, a metal oxide film including a lanthanum nickel oxide above the piezoelectric layer, and a second electrode above the metal oxide film. The metal oxide film has a perovskite structure and a lanthanum/nickel molar ratio of 1.2 to 1.5.

Abstract: Oxygen defect of PZT can be suppressed from being generated because a temperature of a piezoelectric layer containing the PZT when a first layer of an upper electrode is formed is equal to or lower than 250° C. If the first layer containing Ir is formed on the piezoelectric layer in a state where the piezoelectric layer as a substrate is at the temperature of equal to or lower than 250° C., a compression stress is generated on the first layer. Then, a second layer having a tensile stress is formed on the first layer on which the compression stress is generated. This makes it possible to eliminate deflection on an entire piezoelectric element. Accordingly, since an initial deflection is small, reduction in the deflection amount of the piezoelectric element can be suppressed. Therefore, an actuator apparatus in which reduction in a displacement amount can be suppressed can be obtained.

Abstract: A piezoelectric device including: a first electrode layer provided so as to overlie a substrate; a second electrode layer disposed so as to face the first electrode layer; and a piezoelectric layer disposed between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. The first electrode layer has a conductive layer and a barrier layer. The barrier layer is provided between the conductive layer and the piezoelectric layer so as to prevent the conductive layer from contacting the piezoelectric layer.

Abstract: A liquid jet head includes: a nozzle plate having a nozzle opening; a pressure chamber substrate having a pressure chamber communicating with the nozzle opening and formed above the nozzle plate; a vibration formed on one side of the pressure chamber substrate; and a piezoelectric element formed above the vibration plate and provided at a position corresponding to the pressure chamber, wherein the piezoelectric element includes two electrodes, a piezoelectric layer provided between the electrodes, and an orientation layer that is provided between one of the electrodes closer to the vibration plate and the piezoelectric layer, wherein the orientation layer includes a mixed crystal of lanthanum nickelate, and the lanthanum nickelate included in the mixed crystal is expressed by a formula LaxNiyOz, where x is an integer of any of 1 to 3, y is 1 or 2, and z is an integer of any of 2 to 7.

Abstract: Ultradispersed ones of primary particles of nanometer-sized carbon are obtained by applying a wet-type milling method and/or a wet dispersion method to an aggregate structure of the primary particles to overcome van der Waals forces, by which forces the primary particles are held together to form the aggregate structure, whereby the ultradispersed primary particles are obtained in a colloidal dispersion on a large-scale basis at low cost without using any additive. In a method of manufacturing the ultradispersed primary particles, the wet-type milling method is carried out in a ball mill, preferably in combination with a high-energy ultrasonic-wave process carried out in a dispersing medium such as pure water, whereby a colloidal solution or slurry with a low-concentration of the primary particles ultradispersed in the dispersing medium is obtained.

Abstract: Ultradispersed ones of primary particles of nanometer-sized carbon are obtained by applying a wet-type milling method and/or a wet dispersion method to an aggregate structure of the primary particles to overcome van der Waals forces, by which forces the primary particles are held together to form the aggregate structure, whereby the ultradispersed primary particles are obtained in a colloidal dispersion on a large-scale basis at low cost without using any additive. In a method of manufacturing the ultradispersed primary particles, the wet-type milling method is carried out in a ball mill, preferably in combination with a high-energy ultrasonic-wave process carried out in a dispersing medium such as pure water, whereby a colloidal solution or slurry with a low-concentration of the primary particles ultradispersed in the dispersing medium is obtained.

Abstract: A multi-layer fullerene, particularly a carbon nano-onion which is nano-size particulate can be produced efficiently and in high purity by irradiating soot-like carbon such as carbon black obtained by incomplete combustion or thermal cracking of carbon-containing compound such as hydrocarbon, aromatic oil and so on with high energy such as electron rays, gamma rays, X-rays, beam from an ion source and so on, and heat-treated.