Abstract: A method for characterizing planarizing properties of a selected expendable material combination in a chemical-mechanical polishing process includes steps of: providing a combination of expendable materials including a softcloth and a polishing agent; providing test substrates with test patterns with different feature densities; performing a polishing process for each of the test substrates while the respective combination of the values for the processing parameters (pressure and velocity) is maintained until saturation is achieved; determining a characteristic quantity for the global grade level from the test substrates that have been polished; and determining expendable material parameters that characterize the planarizing properties for the selected expendable material combination from a functional relationship between the characteristic quantity for the global grade level to a quotient of the relative velocity and the pressure for each one of the test substrates.

Abstract: A rapidly deployable breakwater is disclosed having a primary barrier containing liquid under pressure, and one or more overtopping barriers. The primary barrier floats at, and extends substantially below, the surface of the water, while the overtopping barriers are positioned on the primary barrier and extend substantially above the surface of the water, the combination being adapted to attenuate wave action in open water. The liquid in the primary barrier is pressurized to a level substantially greater than the pressure of the surrounding water, and such pressure may be maintained or varied during the period of deployment of the breakwater.

Abstract: Chiral dopants of the formula I Z1—Y1—(A1)m—Y2—M—Y3—X—Y4—(A2)n—Y5—Z2  I in which the variables have, independently of one another, the following meanings: A1 and A2 a spacer with a chain length of 1 to 30 carbon atoms; Y1 to Y5 a chemical bond, —O—, —S—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)—O—, —O—C(═O)—, —CH═CH—C(═O)—O—, —O—C(═O)—O—, —C(═O)—N(R)— or —(R)N—C(═O)—, —CH2—O—, —O—CH2—, —CH═N—, —N═CH— or —N═N—; M a mesogenic group; R hydrogen, C1-C4-alkyl; Z1 and Z2 hydrogen, C1-C4-alkyl, a polymerizable group or a radical having a polymerizable group; x a dianhydrohexitol residue selected from the group consisting of dianhydrosorbitol, dianhydromannitol and dianhydroiditol;

Abstract: The arrangement has at least two electrooptic transducers (1, 2) with in each case one optically active zone (1a, 2a). Optical connections (12, 14) which are assigned to the transducers are adjacent at a spacing (a). Optical coupling paths (8, 9) run via a coupling device (6) between the connections (12, 14) and the respectively assigned optically active zones (1a, 2a) In order in the case of a very tight spacing (a) to permit a favorable crosstalk response and a cost effective design, the coupling paths (8, 9) run in such a way that the spacing (A) between two optically active zones (1a, 2a) is greater than the spacing (a).

Abstract: A rapidly deployable breakwater is disclosed having a primary barrier containing liquid under pressure, and one or more overtopping barriers. The primary barrier floats at, and extends substantially below, the surface of the water, while the overtopping barriers are positioned on the primary barrier and extend substantially above the surface of the water, the combination being adapted to attenuate wave action in open water. The liquid in the primary barrier is pressurized to a level substantially greater than the pressure of the surrounding water, and such pressure may be maintained or varied during the period of deployment of the breakwater.

Abstract: Improved cholesteric special-effect layers are obtainable by comminuting cholesteric layers. These cholesteric layers are produced by applying at least one layer of a reactive, pourable cholesteric mixture to a moving substrate, by casting, and forming a solid cholesteric layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to liquid-crystalline compositions of matter comprising, as components,

Abstract: Phthalocyanines of the formula where Me is twice hydrogen, twice lithium, magnesium, zinc, copper, nickel, VO, TiO, AlCl, AlOH, AlOCOCH3, AlOCOCF3, SiCl2 or Si(OH)2, at least four of the radicals R1 to R16 are each independently of the others a five- or six-membered saturated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic radical which is bonded to the phthalocyanine structure via a ring nitrogen atom and which can additionally contain further hetero atoms, and any remaining radicals R1 to R16 are each hydrogen, halogen, hydroxysulfonyl or C1-C4-dialkylsulfamoyl, subject to the proviso that tetrakispiperidinylphthalocyanine shall be excluded, and heterocyclyl-substituted phthalocyanines are useful for marking liquids, in particular mineral oils.

Abstract: A connecting system for detachably mechanically connecting an electronic component to a support is described. The connecting system has fixed rails that are configured on the longitudinal sides of the support. When the connecting system is assembled, at least two grips on each longitudinal side of the electronic component grip under the fixing rails. Each fixing rail has at least one hole allowing the grips to be introduced vertically in relation to the support, in a direction Y, with the grips advancing in direction Z. The holes are configured in such a way that the advancing grips can pass through them during assembly without leaving the support.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of marking liquids using at least two markers, wherein said markers absorb in the 600-1200 nm region of the spectrum and reemit fluorescent light and the absorption range of at least one marker overlaps with the absorption range of at least one other marker. The present invention further relates to a method for detecting markers in liquids marked by the method of the invention, which comprises using light sources which emit radiation in the absorption ranges of said markers and detecting the fluorescent light reemitted by said markers, at least one of said light sources emitting radiation in the overlapping absorption range of at least one marker with that of at least one other marker and the number of light sources being less than or equal to the number of markers. The present invention further relates to liquids marked by the method of the invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to chiral 1,3-dioxane compounds and diastereomers thereof of the general formula I 1

Abstract: A transducer module for transmitting and/or receiving light has at least one optical semiconductor which is electrically connected to contacts which are provided on a bottom side of a baseplate. The at least one optical semiconductor is provided such that the light can be transmitted in a transmitting direction away from a top side of the baseplate, and that the light can be received in a receiving direction toward the top side of the baseplate. The contacts are provided through the use of conductor tracks which are electrically insulated from the baseplate and are constructed on a printed circuit board substrate. A method for producing a transducer module is also provided.

Abstract: A module has on a front side a coupling socket for holding an optical fiber end, and at a rear side has a holding region for an electro optical component. The component is firstly prefixed in a position of maximum optical coupling by optical irradiation of an adhesive that can be cured both by light and by heat. After the prefixing, a permanent connection is made by thermal curing the adhesive in a temporally and/or spatially separate subsequent production step.

Abstract: On a front side, a module has a coupling socket for holding an optical fiber end, and at a rear side the module has a holding region in which an electrooptical component is fixed. A joint gap, filled with an adhesive, between the component and the holding region extends in a plane which is oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the coupling socket. The component and/or the holding region is provided with openings, which lead to the joint gap and taper toward the joint gap, and are introduced into the adhesive.

Abstract: A stratospheric airship capable of substantially and smoothly varying the volume of a buoyant gas is provided so as to allow the airship to stably ascend into the stratosphere and keep a station therein. A stratospheric airship includes a gas envelope defined by a ship hull, the gas envelope being divided by a diaphragm into a buoyant gas compartment containing a buoyant gas and an air compartment containing air, the stratospheric airship being allowed to ascend by varying the volume ratio between the buoyant gas and the air, wherein the periphery of the diaphragm is coupled to the ship hull generally at the midpoint along the vertical dimension thereof, and a central portion of the diaphragm is coupled to a suspension chord whose upper and lower ends are coupled respectively to the upper and lower surfaces of the ship hull. The sloshing phenomenon of the diaphragm is suppressed, whereby the change in the shape thereof is balanced, and thus there is no asymmetric distribution of the buoyant gas.

Abstract: A vacuum cleaner for cleaning floors or carpets, having a suction mouth (6), a base plate (5), which encloses the suction mouth (6), and a suction line, electrostatic charging of parts of the vacuum cleaner being provided in order to assist the dust uptake. In order advantageously to provide the vacuum cleaner with the dust uptake being assisted by electrostatic charging, the base plate (5) is electrostatically charged, and the electrostatic charging is carried out by a separate generator (8) provided in the vacuum cleaner.

Abstract: Polymerizable liquid-crystalline compounds of the formula IZ.sup.1 --Y.sup.1 --A.sup.1 --Y.sup.3 --M--Y.sup.4 --A.sup.2 --Y.sup.2 --Z.sup.2 IwhereZ.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are radicals containing reactive groups via which polymerization can be effected,Y.sup.1 -Y.sup.4 are a single chemical bond, oxygen, sulfur, --O--CO--, --CO--O--, --O--CO--O--, --CO--NR--, --NR--CO--, --O--CO--NR--, --NR--CO--O-- or --NR--CO--NR--, where at least one of the groups Y.sup.3 and Y.sup.4 is --O--CO--O--, --O--CO--NR--, --NR--CO--O-- or --NR--CO--NR--,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are spacers having 2 to 30 carbon atoms in which the carbon chain may be interrupted by ether oxygen, thioether sulfur or by nonadjacent imino or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkylimino groups,M is a mesogenic group,R is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl,and compositions comprising them are distinguished by favorable liquid-crystalline phase-temperature ranges and can be used in optical display devices and in cholesteric liquid-crystalline colorants.

Abstract: Chiral compounds of the formula I ##STR1## where: R.sup.1,R.sup.2,R.sup.3,R.sup.4 are hydrogen or aromatic, aliphatic or araliphatic radicals having 1 to 40 carbon atoms,R.sup.5,R.sup.6,R.sup.7,R.sup.8 are aromatic or aliphatic radicals having 1 to 20 carbon atoms,with the proviso that at least one of the radicals R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 contains a polymerizable group,are used as dopes in liquid crystals, in compositions for coating substrates and in the preparation of interference pigments which can be used in printing inks and surface coatings.

Abstract: For a compact arrangement of a relatively large number of cylinders, the specification discloses a V-type engine having first and second rows of cylinders which are arranged relative to each other so as to form a V-shape, with a third row of cylinders located between the first and second rows and a fourth row located outside the V-space between the first and second rows, the third and fourth rows likewise forming a V-shape between them, and all cylinders of the internal combustion engine being connected to the same crankshaft.