Abstract: A uniform coating is provided using surface features. Multiple ridges or other shapes are fabricated near an area of interest to allow for uniform coating in between the ridges. Areas at either ends of the ridges are left open to allow for excess pooling of photoresist liquid and to aid in obtaining uniform coating. The photoresist liquid or other coating fluid is applied to the sample and spun dry. A soft-bake process is performed to evaporate remaining solvents. An element, such as a diffractive, refractive, or reflective grating structure, is then formed in the area of interest using the uniform photoresist coating.

Abstract: Laser diodes are formed with an outcoupling grating between two separate distributed Bragg reflectors. The devices have gain regions located between the reflector gratings for pumping the active region. The outcoupling grating couples light out of the waveguide normal to the surface if the grating spacings are equal to an integer number of wavelengths of the light within the cavity. If the gratings are not such an integer number, the light is coupled out of the cavity off the normal.

Abstract: A laser diode system is provided. The laser comprises first and second reflective gratings at each end of the laser. The laser further comprises an outcoupling grating between the first and second reflective gratings, wherein the outcoupling grating couples light out of the laser. The reflectors and outcoupling grating each have a unique wide-band reflective spectrum. A first laser cavity exists between the first and second reflective gratings. A second laser cavity exists between the first reflective grating and the outcoupling grating. A third laser cavity exists between the second reflective grating and the outcoupling grating, and a fourth laser cavity exists with in the outcoupling region. The overlap of reflective spectra determine the lasing wavelengths that reach resonance within each cavity. Wavelengths resonant in one cavity are suppressed in the others unless a wavelength is resonant in all cavities. This matching of mode intensities causes the outcoupled beam to be confined to a single wavelength.

Abstract: A surface emitting semiconductor laser system having an outcoupling aperture on a central waveguide. At either end of the central waveguide are means for reflecting a plurality of different wavelengths of light such that multiple wavelengths are outcoupled through a single outcoupling aperture. Means are provided by which the different wavelengths can be independently modulated.

Abstract: A surface emitting semiconductor laser system having four cavities that couple light from a single aperture. Each of the four cavities overlaps at the outcoupling aperture. Each cavity is fabricated to resonate at a different central wavelength, outputting a different frequency of light, each of which can be independently modulated.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for analysing animal products. In particular methods for differentiating animal products on the basis of breed origin or validating an animal product are provided.

Abstract: An electronic/photonic integrated circuit in which grating-outcoupled surface-emitting lasers are used both to provide external emission out of the plane of the chip (through gratings), and also to feed optical power into photonic waveguides parallel to the plane of the chip. Transistors are fabricated in a common multilayer semiconductor body with the lasers.

Abstract: A laser source is provided by the present invention, comprising a laser diode and has an active region with asymmetric distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) at either end to reflect light within the cavity, and an outcoupling grating in the center of the device, which couples light out of the cavity. One DBR is long and shallow, with a narrow-band reflective spectrum. The other DBR is short and deep, with a wide-band reflective spectrum. The lasing wavelength is determined by the reflective spectrum overlap of the two DBRs. Since the shallow DBR is highly reflective to only one Fabry Perot wavelength, and the deep DBR is highly reflective to a wide band of Fabry-Perot wavelengths, it is the reflective spectrum of the shallow DBR that determines the lasing wavelength.

Abstract: A uniform coating is provided using surface features. Multiple ridges or other shapes are fabricated near an area of interest to allow for uniform coating in between the ridges. Areas at either ends of the ridges are left open to allow for excess pooling of photoresist liquid and to aid in obtaining uniform coating. The photoresist liquid or other coating fluid is applied to the sample and spun dry. A soft-bake process is performed to evaporate remaining solvents. An element, such as a diffractive, refractive, or reflective grating structure, is then formed in the area of interest using the uniform photoresist coating.

Abstract: A system capable of creating multiple beams of light using laterally coupled waveguides. Each beam is of a different central wavelength, capable of being generated on chip and coupled into a single fiber, and emitted from a single outcoupling grating (OCG). The present innovations can be used to create a multiple wavelength source generating multiple signals of different wavelengths simultaneously. The present innovations can also function as a tunable laser source system, capable of generating one of many different wavelength signals at a time. Waveguides are laterally coupled through, for example, evanescent coupling. The degree of coupling is controlled by varying the voltage applied to contacts attached to the waveguides at the coupling region.

Abstract: A laser diode system is provided. The laser comprises first and second reflective gratings at each end of the laser. The laser further comprises an outcoupling grating between the first and second reflective gratings, wherein the outcoupling grating couples light out of the laser. The reflectors and outcoupling grating each have a unique wide-band reflective spectrum. A first laser cavity exists between the first and second reflective gratings. A second laser cavity exists between the first reflective grating and the outcoupling grating. A third laser cavity exists between the second reflective grating and the outcoupling grating, and a fourth laser cavity exists with in the outcoupling region. The overlap of reflective spectra determine the lasing wavelengths that reach resonance within each cavity. Wavelengths resonant in one cavity are suppressed in the others unless a wavelength is resonant in all cavities. This matching of mode intensities causes the outcoupled beam to be confined to a single wavelength.

Abstract: A laser system comprises a laser diode with an active region and reflectors at both ends. An outcoupling aperture is located between the reflectors to couple light out of the device through the surface. The gain region increases in width as it nears the outcoupling aperture.

Abstract: A multi-layered structure, and method for producing same, which may include at least one glass layer anodically bonded to an intermediate layer. The intermediate layer may function as an anodic bonding layer, an etch stop layer, and/or a hard mask layer. A template may be formed of the multi-layered structure by forming a desired pattern of openings therein by way of, for example, etching. Such a template may, for example, be used in the alignment and adherence of spacer structures to an electrode plate during the fabrication of flat panel displays. When used in this context, the construction of such a template results in more precise control of the patterning and sizing of the holes formed therein which thereby allows for more precise placement of spacer structures as well as the use of spacer structures exhibiting relatively higher aspect ratios during the fabrication of flat panel displays.

Abstract: A laser source is provided by the present invention, comprising a laser diode and has an active region with asymmetric distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) at either end to reflect light within the cavity, and an outcoupling grating in the center of the device, which couples light out of the cavity. One DBR is long and shallow, with a narrow-band reflective spectrum. The other DBR is short and deep, with a wide-band reflective spectrum. The lasing wavelength is determined by the reflective spectrum overlap of the two DBRs. Since the shallow DBR is highly reflective to only one Fabry Perot wavelength, and the deep DBR is highly reflective to a wide band of Fabry-Perot wavelengths, it is the reflective spectrum of the shallow DBR that determines the lasing wavelength.

Abstract: A modulation technique for optical signals. A laser diode having an outcoupling grating in the waveguide between two reflectors is provided. A second waveguide is positioned next to the first waveguide. The first end of the second waveguide is optically connected to the first waveguide on one side of the outcoupling grating, while the second end of the second waveguide is optically connected to the first waveguide on the other side of the outcoupling grating. Switches are provided that control the amount of light coupled between the waveguides. For example, when the switches are in a first state, no light is coupled between the two waveguides, and all the light stays in the laser diode or is coupled out of the outcoupling grating, while none of the light couples into the second grating; and when the switches are in a second state, some or all of the light from the first waveguide is coupled into the second waveguide. By toggling the states of the switches, the light emitted from the laser diode is modulated.

Abstract: A pulley apparatus (27) is disclosed which is adapted for use with a double hung wind. (10). The apparatus is used in pairs which are mounted in a recess (30) formed in the head (20) of the double hunt window. A pair of sash cords (25) are routed through the apparatuses and are attached to each sash so as to counterbalance one to the other, without the use of springs or extra weights.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes a GaAs substrate, a light-emitting structure disposed above the substrate and capable of emitting light having a wavelength of about 1.3 microns to about 1.55 microns, and a buffer layer disposed between the substrate and the light-emitting structure. The composition of the buffer layer varies through the buffer layer such that a lattice constant of the buffer layer grades from a lattice constant approximately equal to a lattice constant of the substrate to a lattice constant approximately equal to a lattice constant of the light-emitting structure. The light-emitting device exhibits improved mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties compared to similar light-emitting devices grown on InP substrates.

Abstract: A tracked vehicle (18), or a kit (10) for converting a standard bicycle (14) into a tracked cycle, includes a track assembly (22) with a bogie assembly (84) for riding on snow, mud, sand, etc. The track assembly includes a continuous track (60) movably disposed about a drive wheel (64) coupled to a frame (34) of the vehicle or bike, and a bogie wheel (68) disposed rearward of the drive wheel. The bogie assembly includes a compliant and resilient arm (80) coupling the bogie wheel to the frame of the vehicle or bike. The arm exerts a force against the bogie wheel, which forces the track towards the riding surface.

Abstract: An electronic/photonic integrated circuit in which grating-outcoupled surface-emitting lasers are used both to provide external emission out of the plane of the chip (through gratings), and also to feed optical power into photonic waveguides parallel to the plane of the chip. Transistors are fabricated in a common multilayer semiconductor body with the lasers.

Abstract: A laser diode system that has two distributed Bragg reflector reflectors at either end and an outcoupling aperture between the reflectors. The quantum wells in the active region are thicker in the gain region than in other parts of the device, increasing efficiency and lowering threshold current.