Abstract: In a method of driving a passive matrix display or memory array of cells comprising an electrically polarizable material exhibiting hysteresis, in particular a ferroelectric material, wherein the polarization state of individual cells can be switched by application of electric potentials or voltages to word and bit lines in the matrix or array, a potential on selected word and bit lines is controlled to approach or coincide with one of n predefined potential levels and the potentials on all word and bit lines are controlled in time according to a protocol such that word lines are sequentially latched to potentials selected among nWORD potentials, while the bit lines are either latched sequentially to potentials selected among nBIT potentials, or during a certain period of a timing sequence given by the protocol connected to circuitry for detecting charges flowing between a bit line or bit lines and cells connecting thereto.

Abstract: In a non-volatile passive matrix memory device comprising an electrically polarizable dielectric memory material exhibiting hysteresis between first and second sets of addressing electrodes, the electrodes of the first set are word lines and the electrodes of the second set are bit lines of the memory device. A memory cell with a capacitor-like structure is defined in the memory material at the overlap between a word line and a bit line. The word lines are divided into segments with each segments sharing and being defined by adjoining bit lines and means are provided for connecting each bit line of a segment with a sensing means, thus enabling simultaneous connections of all memory cells of a word line segment for readout via the bit lines of the segment. Each sensing means senses the charge flow in a bit line in order to determine a logical value stored in a memory cell defined by the bit line.

Abstract: A thin-film multilayer structure on top of a substrate has three polymer layers having adapted refractive indices in which optical waveguides are formed. Signal conducting metal layers are located at these three thin-film layers. The metal is etched away at the waveguide cores so that ordinary optical waveguides of channel-type are obtained having a refractive index difference between the core and the cladding material. Holes are etched in the polymer layers in order to form electrical vias. Mirrors can be formed by laser ablating to provide connection of an optical waveguide to some component and to provide optical vias, in the case where another similar set of three polymer layers are applied on top of the layers shown. Hence, electrical and optical interconnections can be integrated in the multilayer structure using a minimum number of polymer layers and the optical waveguides can be constructed to have a low loss.

Abstract: The optoelectrical components which up to now have been used in the fibre-optical region have had waveguides of quartz and glass with hermetic encapsulating, which components have had too high manufacturing costs for profitable use. Through making polymeric single mode (SM) waveguides from plastic, for example, benzocyclobutene polymer (BCB) a simple reliable and inexpensive concept for making waveguides can be obtained. Two of the commercially available grades of BCB/DOW Chemicals have furthermore a refractive index difference which permits manufacturing of buried waveguides with SM characteristics. These two types of BCB material have shown themselves to be especially usable for manufacturing of so-called buried SM waveguides: a heat curable grade (1,4) used for under- and over-cladding for waveguides and a photo-definable derivative (3) used as the waveguide material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the preparation of electronic and electro-optical components and circuits based on conducting polymers. One or more boundary surfaces in the component between a conducting polymer and another material are formed by melting of the conducting polymer.

Abstract: Vibration damper for damping vibrations in a surface (20) of an object (21). The damper consists of an oscillating body (1) which is movably connected to the surface such that it is brought to oscillate so that the oscillating body transmits forces to the object which are principally oppositely directed to the forces which, through vibration, act on the object. The vibration damper displays a locating part (19) made from a shaped permanent material and intended to be fixedly attached to said surface (20) of the object (21). The locating part displays one or several inwardly-directed vibration-transmitting support walls (26-29). The oscillating body (1) is at least partially enclosed in a damping body (10) made from an elastic material, and the damping body is held in the locating part through cooperation with the inwardly directed walls (26-29).

Abstract: A press for the hydrostatic extrusion of metallic billets to form tubes and other profiles includes a hollow high pressure cylinder having a removable liner which forms the inner wall thereof and which encloses the internal pressure chamber. To protect the removable liner from fatigue breakdown, the inner wall of the liner is coated with a protective coating of an organic polymer and a metallic tube is located adjacent the protective coating and concentric therewith, between the protective coating and the internal pressure chamber.

Abstract: A press for hydrostatic extrusion includes a pressure chamber for enclosing a pressure medium which is formed of a high pressure cylinder, a pressure generating piston, a die and a die support and seals. The die support includes an exchangeable support ring which engages the end surface of the liner and bridges the gap between the liner and the die. A metallic sealing ring is arranged within the liner in engagement therewith, forming a gap between the inner surface of the sealing ring and the outer surface of the die or die support. The die support has a groove in its upper surface which contains a sealing member against which the edge of the metallic sealing ring engages. The lower outer corner of the metallic sealing ring is bevelled to form a space which communicates with the outside of the press.