Abstract: A neuromodulation therapy is delivered via at least one electrode implanted subcutaneously and superficially to a fascia layer superficial to a nerve of a patient. In one example, an implantable medical device is deployed along a superficial surface of a deep fascia tissue layer superficial to a nerve of a patient. Electrical stimulation energy is delivered to the nerve through the deep fascia tissue layer via implantable medical device electrodes.

Abstract: A neuromodulation therapy is delivered via at least one electrode implanted subcutaneously and superficially to a fascia layer superficial to a nerve of a patient. In one example, an implantable medical device is deployed along a superficial surface of a deep fascia tissue layer superficial to a nerve of a patient. Electrical stimulation energy is delivered to the nerve through the deep fascia tissue layer via implantable medical device electrodes.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for ion accumulation are disclosed. An apparatus for ion accumulation includes multiple regions. A first region receives and transfers ions to a second region using a first drive potential. The second region is switchable between a first state where it generates a first electric field preventing ions from further movement and entering a third region, and a second state where it generates a second electric field that guides the ions toward the third region. When in the first state, the ions are prevented from further movement by the first electric field, which causes the ions to accumulate in the second region. When in the second state, the ions are moved from the second region to the third region by the second electric field. A method of accumulating ions involves switching an electric field applied to a region between a trap state and a release state.

Abstract: A method of making a fibrous sheet includes providing a first furnish including a primary pulp having papermaking fibers, the papermaking fibers (i) having a weight-weighted average fiber length between about two and seven tenths millimeters and about three millimeters, (ii) a coarseness of about sixteen milligrams per one hundred meters or lower, and (iii) being at least eighty percent of the papermaking fibers of the first furnish, forming a nascent web having at least two layers, one of the at least two layers being (i) a surface layer of the nascent web and (ii) formed from the first furnish, dewatering the nascent web to form a dewatered web, applying the surface layer of the dewatered web to the outer surface of a Yankee drum of a Yankee dryer, and drying the dewatered web with the Yankee dryer to form a fibrous sheet.

Abstract: A device includes a first surface, a second surface and a controller. The second surface is adjacent to the first surface. The first and the second surfaces define a first ion channel therebetween. The first ion channel extends along a first direction. The second surface includes a first plurality of electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode along a second direction lateral to the first direction. The first plurality of electrodes extends along the first direction. The first electrode is configured to receive a first voltage signal and generate at least a portion of a pseudopotential that inhibits ions in the first ion channel from approaching the second surface. The second plurality of electrodes is located between the first electrode and the second electrode and arranged along the first direction.

Abstract: A device includes a first surface, a second surface and a controller. The second surface is adjacent to the first surface. The first and the second surfaces define a first ion channel therebetween. The first ion channel extends along a first direction. The second surface includes a first plurality of electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode along a second direction lateral to the first direction. The first plurality of electrodes extends along the first direction. The first electrode is configured to receive a first voltage signal and generate at least a portion of a pseudopotential that inhibits ions in the first ion channel from approaching the second surface. The second plurality of electrodes is located between the first electrode and the second electrode and arranged along the first direction.

Abstract: High-voltage insulators are disclosed that are capable of handling diverse requirements, such as providing high standoff voltages, high temperature cycling, and the ability to withstand flexural stress. One high-voltage insulator includes a first piece formed from a first material, a second piece formed from a second material, and an interface section where the first piece contacts with and forms a seal with the second piece. The interface includes a first groove located that accommodates a first gasket, sets of matching threads on the first and second pieces. The interface section further accommodates a second gasket. In this multi-piece high-voltage insulator, the first material can have a first set of flexural, heat resistance, and electrical standoff characteristics suitable for a first environment, and the second material can have a second set of flexural, heat resistance and electrical standoff characteristics suitable for a second environment.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring multiple parameters of drilling fluid using electric field perturbation, permittivity curves, time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis to identify constituents of drilling fluid and ratios of the drilling fluid constituents on a real time basis and to measure volumes and densities of the constituents on a real time basis.

Abstract: Apparatus include an atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) analyte electrode defining an analyte discharge axis into an APGD volume, and a plurality of APGD counter electrodes having respective electrical discharge ends directed to the APGD volume, wherein the APGD analyte electrode and the APGD counter electrodes are configured to produce an APGD plasma in the APGD volume with a voltage difference between the APGD analyte electrode and one or more of the AGPD counter electrodes. An electrode can be integrated into an ion inlet. Apparatus can be configured to perform auto-ignition and/or provide multi-modal operation through selectively powering electrodes. Electrode holder devices are disclosed. Related methods are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ion carousel having a first surface and a second surface adjacent to the first surface. The second surface includes a first inner array of electrodes arranged along a first loop path and configured to receive a first ion packet and a second ion packet temporally separated from the first ion packet by a separation time. The first inner array of electrodes generates a traveling waveform which includes a plurality of potential wells that travel along the first loop path and receive ions from the first and second ion packets. The plurality of potential wells include at least a first potential well and a second potential well. An output switch is configured to selectively eject ions from the first potential well out of the carousel at time T1 and eject ions from the second potential well out of the carousel at time T2.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for ion accumulation are disclosed. An apparatus for ion accumulation includes multiple regions. A first region receives and transfers ions to a second region using a first drive potential. The second region is switchable between a first state where it generates a first electric field preventing ions from further movement and entering a third region, and a second state where it generates a second electric field that guides the ions toward the third region. When in the first state, the ions are prevented from further movement by the first electric field, which causes the ions to accumulate in the second region. When in the second state, the ions are moved from the second region to the third region by the second electric field. A method of accumulating ions involves switching an electric field applied to a region between a trap state and a release state.

Abstract: High-voltage insulators are disclosed that are capable of handling diverse requirements, such as providing high standoff voltages, high temperature cycling, and the ability to withstand flexural stress. One high-voltage insulator includes a first piece formed from a first material, a second piece formed from a second material, and an interface section where the first piece contacts with and forms a seal with the second piece. The interface includes a first groove located that accommodates a first gasket, sets of matching threads on the first and second pieces. The interface section further accommodates a second gasket. In this multi-piece high-voltage insulator, the first material can have a first set of flexural, heat resistance, and electrical standoff characteristics suitable for a first environment, and the second material can have a second set of flexural, heat resistance and electrical standoff characteristics suitable for a second environment.

Abstract: A method of making a fibrous sheet includes providing a first furnish including a primary pulp having papermaking fibers, the papermaking fibers (i) having a weight-weighted average fiber length between about two and seven tenths millimeters and about three millimeters, (ii) a coarseness of about sixteen milligrams per one hundred meters or lower, and (iii) being at least eighty percent of the papermaking fibers of the first furnish, forming a nascent web having at least two layers, one of the at least two layers being (i) a surface layer of the nascent web and (ii) formed from the first furnish, dewatering the nascent web to form a dewatered web, applying the surface layer of the dewatered web to the outer surface of a Yankee drum of a Yankee dryer, and drying the dewatered web with the Yankee dryer to form a fibrous sheet.

Abstract: Paper products and methods of making the paper products. The paper product includes a first stratified base sheet and a second stratified base sheet. At least about eighty percent of the papermaking fibers in an outer layer of each of the first stratified base sheet and the second stratified base sheet has (i) a weight-weighted average fiber length between about two and seven tenths millimeters and about three millimeters and (ii) a coarseness of about sixteen milligrams per one hundred meters or lower. An inner layer of the second stratified base sheet is attached to the inner layer of the first stratified base sheet. The paper product has a CD wet/dry tensile ratio between about twenty-five hundredths and about thirty-five hundredths.

Abstract: Apparatus include an atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) analyte electrode defining an analyte discharge axis into an APGD volume, and a plurality of APGD counter electrodes having respective electrical discharge ends directed to the APGD volume, wherein the APGD analyte electrode and the APGD counter electrodes are configured to produce an APGD plasma in the APGD volume with a voltage difference between the APGD analyte electrode and one or more of the AGPD counter electrodes. An electrode can be integrated into an ion inlet. Apparatus can be configured to perform auto-ignition and/or provide multi-modal operation through selectively powering electrodes. Electrode holder devices are disclosed. Related methods are disclosed.

Abstract: High-voltage insulators are disclosed that are capable of handling diverse requirements, such as providing high standoff voltages, high temperature cycling, and the ability to withstand flexural stress. One high-voltage insulator includes a first piece formed from a first material, a second piece formed from a second material, and an interface section where the first piece contacts with and forms a seal with the second piece. The interface includes a first groove located that accommodates a first gasket, sets of matching threads on the first and second pieces. The interface section further accommodates a second gasket. In this multi-piece high-voltage insulator, the first material can have a first set of flexural, heat resistance, and electrical standoff characteristics suitable for a first environment, and the second material can have a second set of flexural, heat resistance and electrical standoff characteristics suitable for a second environment.

Abstract: A device includes a first surface, a second surface and a controller. The second surface is adjacent to the first surface. The first and the second surfaces define a first ion channel therebetween. The first ion channel extends along a first direction. The second surface includes a first plurality of electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode along a second direction lateral to the first direction. The first plurality of electrodes extends along the first direction. The first electrode is configured to receive a first voltage signal and generate at least a portion of a pseudopotential that inhibits ions in the first ion channel from approaching the second surface. The second plurality of electrodes is located between the first electrode and the second electrode and arranged along the first direction.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ion carousel having a first surface and a second surface adjacent to the first surface. The second surface includes a first inner array of electrodes arranged along a first loop path and configured to receive a first ion packet and a second ion packet temporally separated from the first ion packet by a separation time. The first inner array of electrodes generates a traveling waveform which includes a plurality of potential wells that travel along the first loop path and receive ions from the first and second ion packets. The plurality of potential wells include at least a first potential well and a second potential well. An output switch is configured to selectively eject ions from the first potential well out of the carousel at time T1 and eject ions from the second potential well out of the carousel at time T2.

Abstract: An ion carousel includes a first surface and a second surface adjacent to the first surface. The first and the second surfaces define an ion confinement volume. The second surface including a first inner array of electrodes arranged along a first path and configured to receive, at a first location on the first path, a first ion packet. The first inner array of electrodes are configured to generate a plurality of potential wells that include a first potential well and a second potential well. The first ion packet includes a first sub-packet of ions having a first mobility and a second sub-packet of ions having a second mobility, and the second ion packet includes a third sub-packet of ions having the first mobility and a fourth sub-packet of ions having the second mobility.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring multiple parameters of drilling fluid using electric field perturbation, permittivity curves, time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis to identify constituents of drilling fluid and ratios of the drilling fluid constituents on a real time basis and to measure volumes and densities of the constituents on a real time basis.