Abstract: An ion carousel includes a first surface and a second surface adjacent to the first surface. The first and the second surfaces define an ion confinement volume. The second surface including a first inner array of electrodes arranged along a first path and configured to receive, at a first location on the first path, a first ion packet. The first inner array of electrodes are configured to generate a plurality of potential wells that include a first potential well and a second potential well. The first ion packet includes a first sub-packet of ions having a first mobility and a second sub-packet of ions having a second mobility, and the second ion packet includes a third sub-packet of ions having the first mobility and a fourth sub-packet of ions having the second mobility.

Abstract: Paper products and methods of making the paper products. The paper product includes a first stratified base sheet and a second stratified base sheet. At least about eighty percent of the papermaking fibers in an outer layer of each of the first stratified base sheet and the second stratified base sheet has (i) a weight-weighted average fiber length between about two and seven tenths millimeters and about three millimeters and (ii) a coarseness of about sixteen milligrams per one hundred meters or lower. An inner layer of the second stratified base sheet is attached to the inner layer of the first stratified base sheet. The paper product has a CD wet/dry tensile ratio between about twenty-five hundredths and about thirty-five hundredths.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for generating asymmetric high-voltage waveforms with near-rectangular profiles. The method comprises producing selected low-frequency components of the Fourier series for a rectangular waveform explicitly and adding them to the amplified residual of lower-amplitude near-rectangular waveform upon filtering out certain frequencies.

Abstract: An apparatus for identifying and measuring volume fraction constituents of a fluid using time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis to identify individual volume fraction constituents within a pipe on a real time basis and to measure the volume of the individual volume fraction constituents flowing through the pipe on a real time basis.

Abstract: A method for identifying and measuring volume fraction constituents of a fluid using time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis to identify individual volume fraction constituents within a pipe on a real time basis and to measure the volume of the individual volume fraction constituents flowing through the pipe on a real time basis.

Abstract: A probe for identifying and measuring volume fraction constituents of a fluid using time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis to identify individual volume fraction constituents within a pipe on a real time basis and to measure the volume of the individual volume fraction constituents flowing through the pipe on a real time basis.

Abstract: An ion manipulation method and device is disclosed. The device includes a pair of substantially parallel surfaces. An array of inner electrodes is contained within, and extends substantially along the length of, each parallel surface. The device includes a first outer array of electrodes and a second outer array of electrodes. Each outer array of electrodes is positioned on either side of the inner electrodes, and is contained within and extends substantially along the length of each parallel surface. A DC voltage is applied to the first and second outer array of electrodes. A RF voltage, with a superimposed electric field, is applied to the inner electrodes by applying the DC voltages to each electrode. Ions either move between the parallel surfaces within an ion confinement area or along paths in the direction of the electric field, or can be trapped in the ion confinement area.

Abstract: An ion manipulation method and device is disclosed. The device includes a pair of substantially parallel surfaces. An array of inner electrodes is contained within, and extends substantially along the length of, each parallel surface. The device includes a first outer array of electrodes and a second outer array of electrodes. Each outer array of electrodes is positioned on either side of the inner electrodes, and is contained within and extends substantially along the length of each parallel surface. A DC voltage is applied to the first and second outer array of electrodes. A RF voltage, with a superimposed electric field, is applied to the inner electrodes by applying the DC voltages to each electrode. Ions either move between the parallel surfaces within an ion confinement area or along paths in the direction of the electric field, or can be trapped in the ion confinement area.

Abstract: A probe for identifying and measuring volume fraction constituents of a fluid using time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis to identify individual volume fraction constituents within a pipe on a real time basis and to measure the volume of the individual volume fraction constituents flowing through the pipe on a real time basis.

Abstract: An apparatus for identifying and measuring volume fraction constituents of a fluid using time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis to identify individual volume fraction constituents within a pipe on a real time basis and to measure the volume of the individual volume fraction constituents flowing through the pipe on a real time basis.

Abstract: A method for identifying and measuring volume fraction constituents of a fluid using time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis to identify individual volume fraction constituents within a pipe on a real time basis and to measure the volume of the individual volume fraction constituents flowing through the pipe on a real time basis.

Abstract: An ion manipulation method and device is disclosed. The device includes a pair of substantially parallel surfaces. An array of inner electrodes is contained within, and extends substantially along the length of, each parallel surface. The device includes a first outer array of electrodes and a second outer array of electrodes. Each outer array of electrodes is positioned on either side of the inner electrodes, and is contained within and extends substantially along the length of each parallel surface. A DC voltage is applied to the first and second outer array of electrodes. A RF voltage, with a superimposed electric field, is applied to the inner electrodes by applying the DC voltages to each electrode. Ions either move between the parallel surfaces within an ion confinement area or along paths in the direction of the electric field, or can be trapped in the ion confinement area.

Abstract: A battery pack assembly. Each assembly includes a battery cell and a cooling fin assembly positioned in thermal communication with the battery cell for thermal cooling thereof. The cooling fin assembly includes a generally planar cooling fin defining a compliant structure and at least one foot defining a flat surface along an edge of the cooling fin. A heat sink and a frame structure contain the battery cells and the cooling fin assemblies such that upon placement of the cooling fin assemblies and the battery cells in the frame structure, a substantial entirety of the flat surfaces of the feet of the cooling fin assemblies are aligned to define a generally planar surface with which to thermally engage the heat sink. A vehicle propulsion system having a battery pack assembly and methods of assembling a battery pack assembly is also described.

Abstract: A support frame assembly for holding a plurality of battery cells includes a first end frame having a first plurality of protruding strips, a second end frame having a second plurality of protruding strips, and a structural frame having a plurality of grooves for receiving the first plurality of protruding strips and the second plurality of protruding strips. The first end frame and the second end frame attach to the structural frame to hold a first battery cell, a second battery cell and a foam pad positioned between the first battery cell and the second battery cell. The structural frame has curved features therein for receiving a cooling assembly and a chamfered slot for receiving a cooling fin from the cooling assembly. The support frame assembly also includes interlocking features that mate to another support frame with a gap defined between adjacent support frames.

Abstract: An ion manipulation method and device is disclosed. The device includes a pair of substantially parallel surfaces. An array of inner electrodes is contained within, and extends substantially along the length of, each parallel surface. The device includes a first outer array of electrodes and a second outer array of electrodes. Each outer array of electrodes is positioned on either side of the inner electrodes, and is contained within and extends substantially along the length of each parallel surface. A DC voltage is applied to the first and second outer array of electrodes. A RF voltage, with a superimposed electric field, is applied to the inner electrodes by applying the DC voltages to each electrode. Ions either move between the parallel surfaces within an ion confinement area or along paths in the direction of the electric field, or can be trapped in the ion confinement area.

Abstract: A propulsion system for an electric vehicle includes a battery pack having at least one battery cell. A cooling system includes a cooling plate abutting the battery cell. A heat sink is in thermal communication with the cooling plate by at least one carbon fiber brush coupled to at least one of the cooling plate and the heat sink.

Abstract: This invention relates to preservatives at neutral or slightly acidic pH containing copper complexes and calcium, magnesium, and/or zinc cations for protection of wood, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignocellulose from decay caused by fungi.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for compressing ions inside an ion mobility device is disclosed. Ions are introduced into the mobility device. The ions are subjected to a non-constant electric field to form a potential gradient along a portion of the device so that ions with similar mobilities bunch together into sharper peaks while maintaining separation between other ions. The potential gradient progressively increases or decreases along the length of the device.

Abstract: A propulsion system for an electric vehicle includes a battery pack having at least one battery cell. A cooling system includes a cooling plate abutting the battery cell. A heat sink is in thermal communication with the cooling plate by at least one carbon fiber brush coupled to at least one of the cooling plate and the heat sink.

Abstract: An ion manipulation method and device to prevent loss of ions is disclosed. The device includes a pair of surfaces. An inner array of electrodes is coupled to the surfaces. A RF voltage and a DC voltage are alternately applied to the inner array of electrodes. The applied RF voltage is alternately positive and negative so that immediately adjacent or nearest neighbor RF applied electrodes are supplied with RF signals that are approximately 180 degrees out of phase.