Abstract: A pair of hollow permanent magnets mounted to form a toroidal stator having cylindrical gaps and opposed cavities. The magnets are polarized such that their magnetic flux passes in one direction through the gaps to intersect the rotor along two cylindrical bands and then passes through the magnetic shell and subsequently in the opposite direction through the cavities to intersect the rotor in a cylindrical region located between the cylindrical bands. An electrical circuit couples a utilization device to the rotor. Another embodiment of the invention uses a magnetic mirror to replace one of the permanent magnets. Still other embodiments teach the use of a plurality of toroidal stators mounted in tandem about a common rotor. The machine may be used as a homopolar generator or a homopolar motor.

Abstract: An electrical machine having a stator formed from a pair of cup-shaped permanent magnets symmetrically disposed on opposite sides of a conductive, disk-shaped rotor. The magnets are polarized such that a portion of their external magnetic flux passes in one direction through a short peripheral gap formed by the magnets in which the periphery of the rotor is disposed. The remainder of the external magnetic flux substantially passes in the opposite direction through a cavity defined by the inner volume of the cup-shaped magnets. The inner portion of the disk-shaped rotor is disposed in this cavity. One embodiment of the invention implements the cup-shaped magnets with modified "magic spheres" mounted on either side of the conductive disk-shaped rotor. Other embodiments use a magnetic plate on one side of the disk-shaped rotor to act as a magnetic mirror for a cup-shaped magnet mounted on the other side of the rotor.

Abstract: Magnetically rigid materials are utilized to enhance the field magnitudes oduced by permanent magnet structures that are utilized in electric machinery. Magnetic circuit losses due to unnecessary magnetic fields are eliminated without employing a conventional shunt. The magnetically rigid material is cylindrically configured and magnetized to provide individual magnetic fields between sets of north and south poles on only one cylindrical surface thereof. At least one coaxial cylinder of the magnetically rigid material is included in each permanent magnet structure of the invention and each of the cylinders is constructed from a plurality of segments in one preferred embodiment thereof. Segments having a substantially triangular cross-sectional configuration are utilized in other preferred embodiments, while flux contributions from at least three segments combine to sustain each set of north and south poles in still other preferred embodiments.

Abstract: An image detecting device is disclosed wherein an image detector is mounted within a rare earth permanent magnet structure with a hollow cavity and an access port that passes through the structure and thereby accessing the cavity. The shell is permanently magnetized to produce a substantially uniform magnetic field in the cavity. The shell's magnetization is the resultant of two magnetization components M1 and M2. M2 components are uniform in both magnitude and direction while M1 components are uniform in magnitude but not uniform in direction. Preferably, the magnitudes of the M1 and M2 components are substantially equal to each other but aligned in opposite directions in regions adjacent to the access port. The image detector located within the cavity of the magnet is oriented such that the magnetic flux in the cavity flows in the same direction as the electron beam passing through the cavity.

Abstract: HSFS's or magic spheres are adapted for use in periodic permanent magnet uctures to derive magnetic fields of greater uniformity and average magnitude perpendicularly across an axis along which charged particles are directed in devices, such as radiation sources.

Abstract: A permanent magnet having a shell of magnetic material and a hollow cavity. An access port passes through the shell and communicates with the cavity. The shell is permanently magnetized to produce a substantially uniform magnetic field in the cavity. The magnetization of the shell is the resultant of magnetization components M1 and M2. Components M2 are uniform in both magnitude and direction while components M1 are uniform in magnitude and nonuniform in direction. Also, components M1 and M2 are substantially equal in magnitude to each other and, in the regions adjacent the access port, are aligned in opposite directions. The shell comprises a plurality of magnetic segments and each segment is uniformly magnetized. In accordance with one embodiment, the shell and cavity are concentric spheres, and the access port includes an axial hole that passes through the spherical center.

Abstract: A permanent magnet having a shell of magnetic material and a hollow cavity. The shell is permanently magnetized to produce an axially tapered magnetic field in the cavity. In one embodiment, a segmented spherical magnetic shell has a concentric spherical cavity. An access port in the form of an axial hole passes through polar segments of the shell along its polar axis P. The shell ("magic sphere") is magnetized such that it is capable of producing a tapered magnetic field in the cavity. Both the magnitude and direction of the remanence B.sub.R of the shell material vary from segment to segment. Another embodiment shows a segmented cylindrical shell in the form of a ("magic ring"). The shell material has a magnetic remanence B.sub.R that varies in magnitude and direction from segment to segment. The shell produces a axially tapered field in the cavity.

Abstract: The coil of a solenoid has a pair of cylindrical, superconductive bands ped coaxially about its exterior. The bands are mounted for movement axially along the outer surface of the coil. The bands are used to shape and redirect the flux lines of the solenoid. The bands are placed near the midpoint of the coil. Sufficient current is applied to the coil to immerse the bands in a field greater than the critical field Hc, thereby switching off the superconductive state of the bands and causing flux lines from the coil to intersect the bands. Next, the field is reduced below the critical field Hc, switching on the superconductive state of the bands. The bands are then moved to the ends of the coil, reshaping the field of the solenoid into a more uniform configuration as they move. In an alternate embodiment, the superconductive state of the bands is switched on by lowering their temperature below the critical temperature while the coil is producing its desired or working field.

Abstract: A magnetic circuit including a structure for magnetically cladding a permnt magnet solenoid to eliminate flux leakage therefrom. The cladding includes hemispherical magnetic cladding elements located at the ends of the solenoid in order to eliminate sharp end corners and thus further suppress flux leakage from the magnetic circuit.

Abstract: A cylindrical superconducting solenoid adapted to receive cylindrical inserts within the bore thereof. The inserts are selected having a permeability or radial thickness which will absorb or conduct a portion of the magnetic field within the interior bore of the cylindrical solenoid. Thereby, the interior magnetic field can be adjusted to any predetermined value without changing the total amount of trapped flux within the superconducting solenoid.

Abstract: The area of a loop made of superconducting material is decreased to incre the magnetic field on the surface of a test piece adjacent the loop for determining the critical field, H.sub.c, of the test piece. A loop with a gap having a temporary plug placed therein in which a persistent current is established has a nozzle forming the gap thereon for receiving a test piece. The test piece then completes the circuit permitting removal of the temporary plug. The area of the loop is then decreased resulting in an increase in magnetic field at the surface of the test piece. When the critical field of the test piece is reached, magnetic flux will leak from the internal area of the loop, thereby determining the critical field of the test piece. A continuous length of superconducting material can be tested for discontinuities or spots of low critical field, H.sub.c.

Abstract: Periodic permanent magnet (PPM) stacks for use in wigglers and traveling e tubes having magnetic cladding. A variable magnetic potential cladding along the adjacent surfaces of working magnets is used, thereby increasing the efficient use of magnetic material and increasing the magnetic field while minimizing weight. The magnetic cladding has a direction of polarity perpendicular to the direction of polarity of the working magnets. Extraneous magnetic fields are also reduced. A magnetic shunt, or soft iron, is used to facilitate the conduction of magnetic flux and create an equal magnetic potential exterior surface.

Abstract: A first shell of magnetic material having a hollow cavity is magnetized and as a remanence to produce a first uniform field in the cavity. The first shell has a temperature coefficient such that the first uniform field varies with temperature in a first direction. A second shell, mounted concentrically with the first shell, has a remanence substantially the same as the remanence of the first shell and is magnetized to produce a second uniform field in the cavity in the same direction as the first uniform field. The second shell has a temperature coefficient that is opposite to and much larger than the temperature coefficient of the first shell. Changes in temperature will cause the cavity fields produced by each of the two shells to vary in opposite directions such that there will be virtually no net change in the combined cavity field.

Abstract: A cladded magnet twister device for a microwave/millimeter wave source is comprised of a plurality of polygonal similarly magnetized magnet segments. Each magnet segment is displaced radially in equal angular segments along the central axis relative to its neighboring segment to provide a transverse helical field and is comprised of a relatively short length of an array of bar magnets, cladding magnets, bucking magnets, pole pieces and corner pieces. The pole pieces are secured to the ends of the bar magnets and have convex faces which are directed inwardly toward one another.

Abstract: An improved permanent magnet solenoid having a stepped transition in axial agnetic field profile and comprised of two permanent magnet solenoids, with appropriate cladding, placed in tandem and a radially magnetized ring magnet placed within the working cavity of the solenoids at the joint of entire structure.

Abstract: The fabrication of a flux source using magnetically rigid material is dissed for deriving a magnetic field of uniform density and enhanced magnitude within an enclosed annular cavity thereof. In the preferred embodiments, segments of the magnetically rigid material are configured and arranged in accordance with the desired direction of the magnetic field relative to the annular axis of the cavity.

Abstract: A magnetic dipole of varying magnitude and orientation is disclosed wherein he dipole is comprised of an outer magnetic shell and an inner magnetic sphere which is rotatably mounted within the outer magnetic shell. Both the outer shell and the inner sphere are mode of magnetically rigid material and are each magnetized in a uniform direction parallel to a single longitudinal axis. The inner sphere is preferably rotated within the outer shell via a non-magnetic means such as a rod.

Abstract: A hollow cylindrical flux source (HCFS) is formed into a toroidal shape. A hollow toroidal of magnetically neutral material is mounted in the central cavity of the toroidal flux source. The hollow toroidal has a central coaxial toroidal cavity of given cross-section (e.g., rectangular). The toroid flux source and the hollow toroid are each equatorially split into two halves. When the two halves are brought into juxtaposition and a suspension of magnetic material is deposited in the coaxial toroidal cavity a permanent magnet toroidal ring will be fabricated.

Abstract: A permanent magnet structure comprising a longitudinally extending flux sce fabricated of magnetically rigid material. The flux source comprises a central cavity with a magnetic field being produced therein. Magnetic dipoles having predetermined magnitude and orientation for compensating nonuniformities in the magnetic field are symmetrically located within the plane of the flux source.

Abstract: An improved high energy product radially oriented toroidal magnet is made om an iron cylinder toroid by a method including the steps of:(A) sandwiching the iron cylinder toroid between two disc toroids of a superconductive material at a temperature above the transition temperature of the superconductive material at which temperature the superconductive material does not have superconducting properties and therefor cannot affect the magnetic state of the iron toroid,(B) aligning the iron radially with a small applied field so that flux lines go through the toroidal magnet in a radial direction and in response to which the magnetic dipoles of the iron align themselves with those flux lines,(C) cooling the superconductive material to below the transition temperature of the superconductive material thereby trapping magnetic flux in the iron cylinder toroid, and(D) removing the small applied field from the iron cylinder toroid that does not affect the radial magnetization of the iron as the radial magnetization of