Abstract: To provide a laminate including: a layer (1) including an organic material; a layer (2) including a siloxane compound and metal oxide, where the layer (2) is in contact with the layer (1); and a layer (3) including the metal oxide, where the layer (3) is in contact with the layer (2).

Abstract: An alumina powder satisfying the following expressions is provided: (Expression 1) 0.7TX?TA?1.3TX; (Expression 2) 0.7TX?TB?1.3TX; and (Expression 3) 0.7TX?TC?1.3TX, where TX represents a mean value of a peak height TA of a peak A in a particle size distribution of 0.3 ?m or more to less than 1.2 ?m, a peak height TB of a peak B in a particle size distribution of 0.7 ?m or more to less than 3 ?m, and a peak height TC of a peak C in a particle size distribution of 3 ?m or more to less than 20 ?m.

Abstract: Metal oxide particles having: (1) a volume ratio (a) in 0.7 ?m band of 5 to 40 vol %, (2) a volume ratio (b) in 13 ?m band of 20 to 45 vol %, (3) a volume ratio (c) in 1.3 ?m band of 20 to 50 vol %, and (4) a sum of the volume ratios (a), (b), and (c) of 60 to 100 vol %. The 0.7 ?m, 13 ?m, and 1.3 ?m bands are particle size distributions having peaks at 0.3 to 1.2 ?m, 0.3 to 20 ?m, and 0.7 to 3 ?m, respectively. The volume ratios (a), (b), and (c) of each band have peaks near 0.7 ?m, 1.3 ?m, and 13 ?m in a particle size distribution curve, and being obtained by calculating an abundance ratio of particles in each band from a numerical integration of distribution curves obtained by further dividing the particle size distribution curve into three bands.

Abstract: Metal oxide particles have p-type semiconductivity. The metal oxide particles have a volume-based particle size distribution having a first local maximum value and a second local maximum value. The first local maximum value is in a range of 0.1 ?m or more and less than 5 ?m, and the second local maximum value is in a range of 5 ?m or more and less than 50 ?m. A ratio of the second local maximum value to the first local maximum value is 0.5 or more and less than 2.0. 99% by volume or more of the metal oxide particles have a particle diameter in a range of from 0.1 to 50 ?m.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a support, a charge-transporting layer, a silicone-containing layer, and a metal oxide film. The charge-transporting layer includes a charge-transporting material or a dye-sensitizing electrode layer including a sensitizing dye. The charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing-dye electrode layer is disposed on or above the support. The silicone-containing layer is disposed on or above the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing-dye electrode layer. The metal oxide film is disposed on or above the silicone-containing layer. A ratio [Q(ACL)/Q(CTL)] is 10% or greater, where Q(ACL) is a time integral of a transient photocurrent waveform of an electronic device (ACL) measured by a time-of-flight method, and Q(CTL) is a time integral of a transient photocurrent waveform of an electronic device (CTL) measured by a time-of-flight method.

Abstract: Provided is a photoelectric conversion device including: a support; a charge-transporting layer including an organic charge-transporting material or a sensitizing dye electrode layer including an organic sensitizing dye, where the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer is disposed on the support; and a ceramic film disposed on the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer.

Abstract: An electronic device includes: a support; a charge-transporting layer including a charge-transporting material, or a sensitizing-dye electrode layer including a sensitizing dye, where the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing-dye electrode layer is disposed on or above the support; and a metal oxide layer disposed on or above the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing-dye electrode layer. The metal oxide layer includes p-type semiconductor metal oxide and silica or metal oxide particles, and an amount of the silica or metal oxide particles included in the metal oxide layer is 0.5% by mass or greater but 1.5% by mass or less, relative to the metal oxide layer.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element includes a support, a photoelectric conversion layer, an undercoat layer, and a surface layer; where the photoelectric conversion layer, the undercoat layer, and the surface layer are disposed on or above the support in this order. The surface layer is a ceramic film, and the undercoat layer includes a siloxane resin.

Abstract: Provided is a photoelectric conversion device including: a support; a charge-transporting layer including an organic charge-transporting material or a sensitizing dye electrode layer including an organic sensitizing dye, where the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer is disposed on the support; and a ceramic film disposed on the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer.

Abstract: An image forming method includes forming an image with a toner using a photoconductor in which an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer are formed overlying an electroconductive substrate, wherein the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and the ionization potential of the surface of the toner satisfy the following relations 1 and 2, |Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)?Ip (the surface of the toner)|?5.53 (eV)?? Relation 1 5.45 (eV)?Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)?5.53 (eV)?? Relation 2 where Ip (the surface of the photoconductor) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and Ip (the surface of the toner) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the toner.

Abstract: Provided is an image forming apparatus including an image bearer capable of bearing a toner image, where a latent image is formed on the image bearer, a developing unit configured to develop the latent image formed on the image bearer with a toner, and a cleaning unit including a blade-shaped elastic body, where the elastic body is brought into contact with a surface of the image bearer, wherein a friction coefficient Ft/Fn between the image bearer and the elastic body is 0.85 or greater but 1.1 or less, and self-excited vibration WRFt(LMH) of shear force of the elastic body in a LMH band is 1.5 gf or greater but 3.5 gf or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor is provided. The electrophotographic photoconductor includes a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer containing fluororesin particles, non-fluororesin particles, and a cured resin. The fluororesin particles have an average particle diameter of from 0.01 to 0.3 ?m in a cross-sectional image of the surface layer as observed by a scanning electron microscope with a magnification of 5,000 times, and when the cross-sectional image is segmented into uniform regions each being 1 ?m×4 ?m, a standard deviation of areas each of which is occupied by the fluororesin particles and the non-fluororesin particles in each of the regions is 0.2 ?m2 or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor is provided. The electrophotographic photoconductor includes a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer containing fluororesin particles, non-fluororesin particles, and a cured resin. The fluororesin particles have an average particle diameter of from 0.01 to 0.3 ?m in a cross-sectional image of the surface layer as observed by a scanning electron microscope with a magnification of 5,000 times, and when the cross-sectional image is segmented into uniform regions each being 1 ?m×4 ?m, a standard deviation of areas each of which is occupied by the fluororesin particles and the non-fluororesin particles in each of the regions is 0.2 ?m2 or less.

Abstract: An image forming method includes forming an image with a toner using a photoconductor in which an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer are formed overlying an electroconductive substrate, wherein the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and the ionization potential of the surface of the toner satisfy the following relations 1 and 2, |Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)?Ip (the surface of the toner)|?5.53 (eV)?? Relation 1 5.45 (eV)?Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)?5.53 (eV)?? Relation 2 where Ip (the surface of the photoconductor) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and Ip (the surface of the toner) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the toner.

Abstract: Provided is an image forming apparatus including an image bearer capable of bearing a toner image, where a latent image is formed on the image bearer, a developing unit configured to develop the latent image formed on the image bearer with a toner, and a cleaning unit including a blade-shaped elastic body, where the elastic body is brought into contact with a surface of the image bearer, wherein a friction coefficient Ft/Fn between the image bearer and the elastic body is 0.85 or greater but 1.1 or less, and self-excited vibration WRFt(LMH) of shear force of the elastic body in a LMH band is 1.5 gf or greater but 3.5 gf or less.

Abstract: An image forming method includes forming an image with a toner using a photoconductor in which an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer are formed overlying an electroconductive substrate, wherein the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and the ionization potential of the surface of the toner satisfy the following relations 1 and 2, |Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)?Ip (the surface of the toner)|?0.18 (eV)?? Relation 1 5.45 (eV)?Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)?5.53 (eV)?? Relation 2 where Ip (the surface of the photoconductor) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and Ip (the surface of the toner) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the toner.

Abstract: A photoconductor is provided. The photoconductor includes a support, an undercoat layer overlying the support, and a photosensitive layer overlying the undercoat layer. The undercoat layer includes a binder resin and a zinc oxide particle. The photosensitive layer includes a compound represented by the following formula (1): where each of R1 and R2 independently represents an alkyl group or an aromatic hydrocarbon group.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a photoconductor containing an electroconductive substrate and a photosensitive layer, wherein, in a curve obtained by the steps (I) through (V) described herein, a surface of the photosensitive layer has a WRa (LML) of from 0.02 ?m to 0.03 ?m, a WRa (LHL) of from 0.006 ?m to 0.01 ?m, and a WRa (HLH) of 0.001 ?m or less, where the arithmetical mean roughness (WRa) are defined as Ra in JIS-B0601:2001 and WRa (HHH) to WRa (LLL) represent individual Ra's as described herein.

Abstract: An image forming method includes forming an image with a toner using a photoconductor in which an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer are formed overlying an electroconductive substrate, wherein the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and the ionization potential of the surface of the toner satisfy the following relations 1 and 2, |Ip(the surface of the photoconductor)?Ip(the surface of the toner)|?0.18 (eV)?? Relation 1 5.45 (eV)?Ip(the surface of the photoconductor)?5.53 (eV)?? Relation 2 where Ip (the surface of the photoconductor) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and Ip (the surface of the toner) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the toner.

Abstract: A photoconductor is provided. The photoconductor includes a support, an undercoat layer overlying the support, and a photosensitive layer overlying the undercoat layer. The undercoat layer includes a binder resin and a zinc oxide particle. The photosensitive layer includes a compound represented by the following formula (1): where each of R1 and R2 independently represents an alkyl group or an aromatic hydrocarbon group.