Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor, including an electroconductive substrate; a photosensitive layer, located overlying the electroconductive substrate; and a crosslinked resin surface layer, located overlying the photo sensitive layer, wherein the crosslinked resin surface layer includes a crosslinked body of trimethylolpropanetriacrylate, isocyanate including a radical polymerizable functional group and a heat or a light-curable charge transport material.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor having a photosensitive layer and a crosslinked resin surface layer over a support, wherein shapes of concaves and convexes in a surface of the electrophotographic photoconductor are measured by a surface roughness/profile measuring device to obtain one-dimensional data arrays, the arrays are subjected to multiresolution analysis (MRA-1) through wavelet transformation to be separated into six frequency components including HHH, HHL, HMH, HML, HLH and HLL to obtain one-dimensional data arrays, the arrays of the HHL are thinned out to be reduced 1/10 to 1/100, thereby producing one-dimensional data arrays, which are then subjected to multiresolution analysis (MRA-2) through wavelet transformation to be separated into six frequency components including LHH, LHL, LMH, LML, LLH and LLL to thereby obtain 12 frequency components in total; and a center-line average roughness (WRa) of the 12 frequency components satisfies relationship (i) below.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photoconductor having an extremely low increase in friction coefficient and wear, while also having superior cleanability even after long-term or large-volume printing, and to provide an electrophotographic apparatus for forming an image using a polymerization toner without providing a unit for externally supplying a lubricant to a photoconductor. Namely, the present invention provides an electrophotographic photoconductor having a photosensitive layer and a crosslinked resin surface layer over a conductive substrate, wherein the crosslinked resin surface layer at least contains trimethylolpropane triacrylate, a dimethylpolysiloxane having a radically polymerizable functional group, and lubricating fine particles.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photoconductor including, an uppermost crosslinked surface layer including a cured product of a crosslinked surface layer composition containing a tri- or more functional radical-polymerizable monomer having no charge transportable structure, organosilica sol, an isocyanate group-containing radical-polymerizable monomer, and a curable charge transport material.

Abstract: An image bearing member including an electrostatic substrate, a photosensitive layer located overlying the electrostatic substrate, a surface layer located overlying the photosensitive layer, and the surface layer is a cross-linking resin layer in which particulates having a needle form are dispersed and which is formed by curing a monomer having at least three radical polymerizable functional groups without a charge transport structure and a radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport structure.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor, including an electroconductive substrate; a photosensitive layer; a crosslinked surface layer comprising ?-alumina and tin oxide, wherein a first one-dimensional data array obtained from measuring a concavo-convex shape of the surface of the photoreceptor is subjected to a wavelet conversion to be separated into 6 frequency components, the one-dimensional data array of the lowest frequency component is further thinned so as to have 1/40 data arrays to obtain a second one-dimensional data array, the second one-dimensional data array is further subjected to the wavelet conversion to be separated into additional 6 frequency components, and wherein when relationships between respective arithmetic average roughness (WRa) (y-axis) of the 12 frequency components and the frequency components (x-axis) are graphed, at least WRa (214 to 551 ?m) and WRa (26 to 106 ?m) have a folding point or a maximum point.

Abstract: To provide an electrophotographic photoconductor including: a conductive substrate; a photosensitive layer; and a surface layer having grooves which do not intersect each other, the photosensitive layer and the surface layer being laid over the conductive substrate, wherein the grooves each have a width of 60 ?m to 100 ?m and a depth of 0.2 ?m to 2 ?m, wherein the standard deviation of the depths of the grooves is 1/10 or less of the average value of the depths of the grooves measured at any four places, and wherein the grooves are formed in a direction which diagonally crosses a main scanning direction and a sub-scanning direction of the electrophotographic photoconductor.

Abstract: An image bearing member including a substrate, a photosensitive layer, provided overlying the substrate and a cross linking charge transport layer provided overlying the photosensitive layer, wherein the area of the photosensitive layer which is most distant from the substrate contains a charge transport material, a binder resin and a filler.

Abstract: An image forming method including forming an electrostatic latent image on an image bearing member; developing the electrostatic latent image with a developer including a toner to prepare a toner image on the image bearing member; transferring the toner image onto a receiving material; and cleaning the surface of the image bearing member with a cleaning blade; wherein a surface of the image bearing member has a friction coefficient of from 0.10 to 0.40, and wherein the toner has an average circularity of from 0.97 to 1.00 and includes toner particles and a particulate material having an average particle diameter of from 0.03 to 1 ?m, wherein the particulate material is externally added to the toner particles by a wet method.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and a cross-linked resin surface layer comprising a cross-linked resin having a charge transport structure, which satisfies the following inequations: 0.01<WRa(LLH)<0.04??(1-1) 0.01<WRa(LML)<0.04??(1-2) 0.01<WRa(LMH)<0.04??(1-3) 0.01<WRa(LHL)<0.04??(1-4) WRa(LHL)>WRa(LHH)??(2-1) WRa(LHL)>WRa(HLH)??(2-2) WRa(LHL)>WRa(HML)??(2-3) WRa(LHL)>WRa(HMH)??(2-4) WRa(LHL)>WRa(HHL)??(2-5) WRa(LHL)>WRa(HHH)??(2-6) wherein WRa (?m) represents an arithmetic average roughness according to JIS-B0601:2001 of frequency components that are obtained by subjecting a one-dimensional data array of a surface profile of the electrophotographic photoreceptor to a wavelet transformation multiresolution analysis.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer, which satisfies the following inequations: 0.005<WRa(LMH)<0.03??(i) 0.010<WRa(LHH)<0.03??(ii) 0.005<WRa(LML)<0.20??(iii) WRa(LLH)>WRa(LMH)??(iv) WRa(LLH)>WRa(LHH)??(v) wherein WRa (?m) represents a center-line average roughness of frequency components LHH, LHL, LMH, LML, LLH, and LLL that are obtained by subjecting a one-dimensional data array of a surface profile of the electrophotographic photoreceptor to wavelet transformation multiresolution analysis so as to be separated into 6 frequency components; thinning a one-dimensional data array of the lowest frequency component so that the number of data array is reduced to 1/40; and subjecting the thinned one-dimensional data array to wavelet transformation multiresolution analysis so as to be separated into the 6 frequency components LHH, LHL, LMH, LML, LLH, and LLL.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor, including an electroconductive substrate; a photosensitive layer, located overlying the electroconductive substrate; and an outermost layer comprising a convexity, wherein each of the outermost layer and the convexity includes a crosslinked body including a structural unit having a same charge transportable structure, and wherein the number of convexity having a height not less than ½×RzJIS is from 30 to 300 in a measurement length of 12 mm, wherein RzJIS is an average of ten-point mean roughness specified in JIS B0601 of 2001 and measured at least 4 random positions in an area the outermost layer is formed on, and wherein the height of the convexity is a distance from the deepest valley to a top of the convexity in the measurement length of 12 mm.

Abstract: The image forming apparatus includes a photoreceptor bearing an electrostatic image; a developing device developing the electrostatic image with a developer including a toner to form a toner image on the photoreceptor; a transferring device transferring the toner image onto a receiving material; and a cleaning device having a cleaning blade cleaning the surface of the photoreceptor. The photoreceptor includes an electroconductive substrate, a photosensitive layer and an outermost layer having projected portions thereon. The outermost layer and projected portions include the same crosslinked charge transport material. The outermost layer has a surface roughness property such that the number of projected portions having height greater than Rz/2 is from 40 to 90 in a length of 12 mm, wherein Rz represents ten-point mean roughness of the outermost layer. The tip of the cleaning blade is contacted with the photoreceptor at a linear pressure of from 80 g/cm to 150 g/cm.

Abstract: An image bearing member is provided, including a substrate and a surface layer formed by optically curing at least a radical polymerizable compound with a charge transport structure and a radical polymerizable monomer without a charge transport structure, wherein the transmission factor of the surface layer for light having a wavelength by 25 nm longer than an absorption end wavelength of photo-absorption spectrum of the surface layer prior to optical curing is not less than 65%.

Abstract: A photoreceptor including an electroconductive substrate, a photosensitive layer located overlying the electroconductive substrate, and a surface layer located overlying the photosensitive layer, wherein the surface layer is a cross linked surface layer comprising filler particulates on which linear scar is formed along the circumference direction, and the filler particulates form concave portions on a groove formed by the linear scar, and wherein the ten point average roughness Rz along the direction of the rotation axis of the photoreceptor measured on the circumference surface thereof is from 0.17 to 2.00 ?m and the average distance Sm of concavities and convexities along the direction of the rotation axis of the photoreceptor measured on the circumference surface thereof is from 20 to 500 ?m, and the ten point average roughness Rz along the circumference direction of the photoreceptor measured on the circumference surface thereof is from 0.13 to 0.

Abstract: A latent electrostatic image bearing member including at least a support, a photoconductive layer on the support and a surface layer on the photoconductive layer, wherein a film having the same composition as the surface layer is formed on a slide glass such that the film had a thickness of 5 ?m; and the haze value measured after rubbing the film with a steel wool of #000 and a load of 500 gf for 50 times is 10% or less.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus including an image bearing member which has an electroconductive substrate, a photosensitive layer overlying the electroconductive substrate and a cross-linked resin surface layer overlying the photosensitive layer and bears a latent electrostatic image on the surface thereof, an application device to apply a solid lubricant to the image bearing member; a charging device to charge the surface of the image bearing member, an irradiation device to irradiate the surface of the image bearing member with light to form the latent electrostatic image thereon, a development device to develop the latent electrostatic with toner to obtain a developed image, a transfer device to transfer the developed image to a recording medium, and; a cleaning device to clean the surface of the image bearing member, wherein the cross-linked resin surface layer includes a cross-linked body of trimethylol propane triacrylate and particulates including silicon and an average diameter of agglomeration areas of t

Abstract: An image bearing member including an electroconductive substrate, a charge generating layer located overlying the electroconductive substrate, a charge transport layer located overlying the charge generating layer, the charge transport layer comprising a charge transport material and a protective layer having a thickness of from 3 to 15 ?m located overlying the charge transport layer, wherein the density of the charge transport material in the protective layer at depth of 2 ?m from the surface of the charge transport layer satisfies the following relationship: 10(%)?(Charge transport material)/{(Radical polymerizable monomer having a charge transport structure)+(Radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transport structure)+(Charge transport material)}×100?30(%).

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photoconductor including, an uppermost crosslinked surface layer including a cured product of a crosslinked surface layer composition containing a tri- or more functional radical-polymerizable monomer having no charge transportable structure, organosilica sol, an isocyanate group-containing radical-polymerizable monomer, and a curable charge transport material.

Abstract: An image forming method, includes: forming a latent electrostatic image on a latent electrostatic image carrier; developing the latent electrostatic image with a toner to thereby form a visible image; transferring the visible image to a recording medium; and fixing the image transferred to the recording medium. The latent electrostatic image carrier includes: a support, a photoconductive layer on the support, and a surface protective layer on the support. The surface protective layer includes a reactant made by cross-linking the following: an electric charge transporting material which comprises a reactive functional group, a cross-linking resin, and a fluorine surfactant. The toner comprises an inorganic fine particle which defines an effective inorganic fine particle amount in a range of 0.8% by mass to 3.