Abstract: A photocathode including a substrate, a photoelectric conversion layer provided on the substrate and generating photoelectrons in response to incidence of light, and an underlayer provided between the substrate and the photoelectric conversion layer and containing beryllium, in which the underlayer has a first underlayer containing a nitride of beryllium.

Abstract: A process cartridge which allows any spot and stripe as image defects to be suppressed is provided. A process cartridge, in which an electroconductive layer of a charging member has a matrix including a first rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains include a second rubber and an electron electroconductive agent, at least some of the domains are exposed on a surface of the charging member, when a volume resistivity of the matrix is 105 times or more a volume resistivity of the domains, a protective layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a metal oxide particle, and when a number average primary particle size of the metal oxide particle is defined as Sm and an average value of equivalent circle diameters of the domains is defined as Sd, the Sd/Sm satisfies the following expression (1): 0.5<Sd/Sm<100 . . . expression (1).

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive drum that achieves both of a reduction in torque of the electrophotographic photosensitive drum at the time of its cleaning and an improvement in image transferability. The electrophotographic photosensitive drum includes: a support; and a photosensitive layer arranged on the support, the electrophotographic photosensitive drum having arranged on an outer surface thereof at least two structure groups having different appearance periods, wherein when, out of the two structure groups, a group including structures having a smaller appearance period is defined as a first structure group, and a group including structures having a larger appearance period is defined as a second structure group, a height of the first structure group is lower than a height of the second structure group.

Abstract: There is provided a process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a charging member, wherein an outer surface of the charging member is composed of at least a matrix and at least a part of domains, a volume resistivity of the matrix is 1.0×105 times or more of a volume resistivity of the domain, an average value Sd of circle equivalent diameters of the domains observed on the outer surface of the charging member is in a predetermined range, the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in this order and when a surface roughness of the protective layer is measured, each of a protruding valley portion Rvk, a load length ratio Mr2, and Sd/Rvk is in a predetermined range.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a phosphor panel includes: forming a phosphor layer having a plurality of phosphor particles on an exit window; forming an organic film on the phosphor layer; forming a metal reflection film on the organic film; forming an oxide film on the metal reflection film; removing the organic film by firing; and forming an oxide film integrally covering a surface of the metal reflection film and surfaces of the phosphor particles by atomic layer deposition.

Abstract: A method for producing a nitride fluorescent material includes preparing fluorescent material core particles having a composition containing Sr, Ca, Eu, Al, Si, and N, in which, when a molar ratio of Al in the composition is 1, a molar ratio of Sr is in a range of 0.45 or more and 1.1 or less, a molar ratio of Ca is in a range of more than 0 and less than 0.55, a molar ratio of Eu is in a range of more than 0 and 0.033 or less, a total molar ratio of Sr, Ca, and Eu is 1.1 or less, a molar ratio of Si is in a range of 0.81 or more and 1.21 or less, and a molar ratio of N is in a range of 2.25 or more and 3.85 or less, subjecting them to a first heat treatment and a second heat treatment.

Abstract: A control device of a gear transmission-equipped vehicle includes a power controller that starts power reduction control when it is determined that a start condition is satisfied, the power reduction control being control of reducing power transmitted from a driving source to a gear transmission. The start condition includes: a condition that a detection value of a gear position sensor that detects a current gear position of the gear transmission falls within a transition region between engagement regions corresponding to respective gear positions; and a condition that a speed difference obtained by subtracting a rotational speed of an output shaft of the gear transmission from a rotational speed of an input shaft of the gear transmission is a threshold or more.

Abstract: A specific area detection device that detects a specific area in an imaging area based on a captured image includes: an estimation unit configured to estimate a plurality of points and a direction of a straight line connecting two predetermined points among the plurality of points from a captured image using a learning model created by learning about a specific area defined by a predetermined number of the points in an imaging area using a captured image for learning; and a detection unit configured to detect the specific area by classifying the plurality of points for each specific area based on the direction.

Abstract: The wavelength converter includes a support, and a wavelength conversion layer disposed on the support. The wavelength conversion layer contains a fluorescent layer containing a fluorescent material with a composition represented by formula (1) below, and having a thickness of from 5 ?m to 155 ?m. A ratio of a sum of cross-sectional areas of particles of the fluorescent material in a cross-section of the wavelength conversion layer orthogonal to a disposed surface of the wavelength conversion layer that is disposed on the support and including a full width of the wavelength conversion layer to a cross-sectional area of the cross-section of the wavelength conversion layer is from 5% to 40%. In the formula (1), M1 is at least one selected from the rare earth elements other than La and Ce; a total amount of yttrium (Y), gadolinium (Gd), and lutetium (Lu) by mole with respect to a total amount of M1 by mole is 90% or more; and p, q, r, and s satisfy 2.7?p+q+r?3.3, 0?r?1.2, 10?s?12, and 0<q?1.2.

Abstract: A starting circuit capable of further reducing an influence of a variation in the threshold voltage of a transistor is proposed. The starting circuit includes an N-type first MOS transistor whose threshold voltage is near 0 V, a resistor interposed between a source terminal of the first MOS transistor and a ground, and a control circuit controlling a gate voltage of the first MOS transistor. An amount of first current transmitted to a device to be driven and starting the device is controlled according to the control of the gate voltage.

Abstract: A spindle unit includes a spindle having a processing tool fitted to a distal end of the spindle; and a spindle housing having a thrust bearing and a radial bearing configured to support the spindle by air in a rotatable and noncontact manner, the thrust bearing including an air supply portion configured to supply air to a gap between an outer surface of the spindle, the outer surface being in a direction orthogonal to an axial direction of the spindle, and an inner surface of the spindle housing, and an adjusting unit capable of adjusting a distance of the gap in a direction perpendicular to the outer surface of the spindle.

Abstract: A motorcycle (1) includes a tail lamp (41), a rear covering (32), rear end components which are a license plate (44) and a license lamp (46), a rear stay (33), and a sensor (60). The tail lamp (41) emits light toward the rear side. The rear covering (32) is provided with the tail lamp (41). The rear end components are disposed more rearward than the rear covering (32). The rear stay (33) extends at least rearward from a connecting portion connected to the rear covering (32), and supports the rear end components. The sensor (60) for sensing an object rearward is at least partially received in an internal space (111) that is formed either in the rear covering (32) or in the rear stay (33).

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that suppresses electric potential fluctuations in repeated use. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer, in this order, wherein the photosensitive layer includes a compound having a structure represented by formula (1), and the protective layer includes a resin having a structure represented by formula (2) and a structure represented by formula (3).

Abstract: Provided is a carbon dioxide electrolysis-carbon deposition/carbon fuel cell-integrated apparatus which enable interconversion between electric energy and chemical energy (electrodeposited carbon) through the use of an integrated electrochemical reaction system with a molten salt.

Abstract: A wavelength conversion member includes a support and a wavelength conversion layer including a first phosphor having a composition represented by Formula (1) and having an emission peak wavelength in a range from 550 nm to 620 nm, and a second phosphor having a different emission peak wavelength and/or a full width at half maximum from the first phosphor. An amount of the first phosphor in the wavelength conversion layer is in a range from 20 mass % to 80 mass % relative to a total amount of the phosphors In Formula (1), M1 represents at least one of rare earth elements other than La and Ce, a total molar content percentage of Y, Gd, and Lu in M1 is 90% or more, and p, q, r, and s satisfy 2.7?(p+q+r)?3.3, 0?r?1.2, 10?s?12, and 0<q?1.2.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a printing unit that prints an image on a recording medium, and an image quality adjustment unit that performs an image quality adjustment of the printing unit in a case of a state in which an operation is started, which causes the number of operations performed by a user to become larger than a predetermined number.

Abstract: The present embodiment relates to an electron multiplier having a structure configured to suppress and stabilize a variation of a resistance value in a wider temperature range. The electron multiplier includes a resistance layer sandwiched between a substrate and a secondary electron emitting layer and configured using a Pt layer two-dimensionally formed on a layer formation surface which is coincident with or substantially parallel to a channel formation surface of the substrate. The resistance layer has a temperature characteristic within a range in which a resistance value at ?60° C. is 10 times or less, and a resistance value at +60° C. is 0.25 times or more, relative to a resistance value at a temperature of 20° C.

Abstract: There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member having drum shape, the electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a photosensitive layer, wherein an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has wrinkles, and when an observation region having square form with one side of 100 ?m is placed at an arbitrary position on the outer surface, a line that passes through a central point of the observation region and is parallel to a circumferential direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is defined as a first reference line L1, and 3,599 reference lines obtained by rotating the first reference line L1 at every 0.1° around the central point are defined as L2 to L3,600, respectively, each of L1 to L3,600 intersects with convex portions of the wrinkles at a plurality of locations and has at least two different intersection angles selected from the plurality of locations.