Abstract: An irradiation apparatus has a large irradiation field and is capable of ensuring the uniformity of a dose distribution without strengthening the performance of an irradiation field enlarging device. The irradiation apparatus includes a beam interruption part for performing a plurality of irradiations of a radiation beam, a position control part for controlling a location to be irradiated in such a manner that the entire surface of the target can be irradiated in a plurality of irradiation zones including an overlapping area formed by the plurality of irradiations, and a multileaf collimator control part for providing a slope to a dose distribution in the overlapping area of the respective irradiation zones, so that the dose distribution over the entire surface of the target including the overlapping area is made flat or uniform by the plurality of irradiations of the radiation beam.

Abstract: A successive approximation A/D converter includes first and second S/H and comparators sampling and holding first and second external analog input voltages simultaneously and comparing the held, first and second external analog input voltages with a reference voltage to output first and second signals having levels corresponding to resultant comparisons, and a reference voltage generator operative in response to the first and second signals to generate the reference voltage. The two S/H and comparators share the single reference voltage generator. A reduced chip area can be achieved.

Abstract: At least a race (1c) of a blank (B) for forming a bearing raceway member is hardened by heating. The race (1c) thus hardened by heating is finished to predetermined precisions. Subsequently, the race (1c) is roller burnished for hardening the race (1c). The blank (B) is formed from a steel for bearing manufacture or a carbon steel for machine structural use. The blank (B) formed from the steel for bearing manufacture is subjected to the roller burnishing, thereby achieving a hardness of HRC65 or more at a surface of the race (1c), and a center-line average roughness Ra of 0.1 ?m or less at the surface of the race (1c). The blank (B) formed from the carbon steel for machine structural use is hardened by the roller burnishing, thereby achieving a hardness of Hv800 or more at depth of at least 0.2 mm from a surface of the race (1c). Where cutting by turning is adopted as the finishing process, the surface of the race (1c) is finished to a center-line average roughness Ra of 0.

Abstract: A successive approximation A/D converter includes first and second S/H and comparators sampling and holding first and second external analog input voltages simultaneously and comparing the held, first and second external analog input voltages with a reference voltage to output first and second signals having levels corresponding to resultant comparisons, and a reference voltage generator operative in response to the first and second signals to generate the reference voltage. The two S/H and comparators share the single reference voltage generator. A reduced chip area can be achieved.

Abstract: A rolling bearing including a rolling element made of steel is provided. The rolling element has a hardness of 620 to 750 HV in its interior. The rolling element is so constructed that the hardest point may exist within a depth of 10% of its diameter from a rolling contact surface of the rolling element, and that the hardness at this point is made higher by 20 to 150 HV than the hardness in the interior.

Abstract: A successive approximation A/D converter includes first and second S/H and comparators sampling and holding first and second external analog input voltages simultaneously and comparing the held, first and second external analog input voltages with a reference voltage to output first and second signals having levels corresponding to resultant comparisons, and a reference voltage generator operative in response to the first and second signals to generate the reference voltage. The two S/H and comparators share the single reference voltage generator. A reduced chip area can be achieved.

Abstract: A rolling, sliding part is made from a bearing steel, and the rolling, sliding surface thereof has a surface layer portion which is 56 to 64 in Rockwell C hardness, up to 12 vol. % in retained austenite content and 4 to 6 degrees in the X-ray half value width of martensite. Even if made from a common bearing steel, the rolling, sliding part is reduced in the likelihood of developing a WEA or like fatigue structure, consequently exhibiting a prolonged rolling, sliding life for use under severe conditions involving a high temperature, high speed, high load or high vibration.

Abstract: An irradiation apparatus has a large irradiation field and is capable of ensuring the uniformity of a dose distribution without strengthening the performance of an irradiation field enlarging device. The irradiation apparatus includes a beam interruption part for performing a plurality of irradiations of a radiation beam, a position control part for controlling a location to be irradiated in such a manner that the entire surface of the target can be irradiated in a plurality of irradiation zones including an overlapping area formed by the plurality of irradiations, and a multileaf collimator control part for providing a slope to a dose distribution in the overlapping area of the respective irradiation zones, so that the dose distribution over the entire surface of the target including the overlapping area is made flat or uniform by the plurality of irradiations of the radiation beam.

Abstract: In a conversion sequence for converting an analog input voltage into a digital signal, a redundant comparison cycle is provided to comparison cycles for performing a prescribed number of times of comparison. This redundant comparison cycle may be added after the prescribed number of comparison cycles, or may be inserted into a normal comparison cycle. Such a redundant comparison cycle adds a convergence period of a converted value to the analog input voltage. Accordingly, the final conversion result can be accurately generated even if an error is generated in the conversion sequence. As a result, a successive approximation type analog to digital converter capable of rapidly performing analog-to-digital conversion with high accuracy is implemented.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided to process collected sand. This method and apparatus allow the moisture content to be adjusted and the addition of a binder to be facilitated to renew the collected sand as casting sand for future use. Also, defective castings are prevented when they are made by a main mold using the renewed casting sand. The sand-collecting means can be compact. The method is performed and the apparatus is operated by separating a main mold of green sand, after casting is conducted, into parts unaffected and affected by the molten metal heat, adjusting the moisture content of the part unaffected by molten metal heat for use as facing sand in the next main mold making, and adding a binder and adjusting the moisture content of the part affected by the molten metal heat for use as back sand in making the next main mold.

Abstract: A ladder resistor includes a first resistor group including a number of resistors connected in series and generating a number of reference voltages, and a second resistor group including a same number of resistors connected in series as the plurality of resistors included in the first resistor group, and generating a number of reference voltages. The plurality of resistors included in the second resistor group corresponds to the plurality of resistors included in the first resistor group, respectively. Each of the plurality of resistors included in the first resistor group and a corresponding one of the plurality of resistors included in the second resistor group, that is, each resistor pair is symmetric with respect to a given point. The first resistor group is separated from the second resistor group so that they face each other with the point between.

Abstract: In a conversion sequence for converting an analog input voltage into a digital signal, a redundant comparison cycle is provided to comparison cycles for performing a prescribed number of times of comparison. This redundant comparison cycle may be added after the prescribed number of comparison cycles, or may be inserted into a normal comparison cycle. Such a redundant comparison cycle adds a convergence period of a converted value to the analog input voltage. Accordingly, the final conversion result can be accurately generated even if an error is generated in the conversion sequence. As a result, a successive approximation type analog to digital converter capable of rapidly performing analog-to-digital conversion with high accuracy is implemented.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided to process collected sand. This method and apparatus allow the moisture content to be adjusted and the addition of a binder to be facilitated to renew the collected sand as casting sand for future use. Also, defective castings are prevented when they are made by a main mold using the renewed casting sand. The sand-collecting means can be compact. The method is performed and the apparatus is operated by separating a main mold of green sand, after casting is conducted, into parts unaffected and affected by the molten metal heat, adjusting the moisture content of the part unaffected by molten metal heat for use as facing sand in the next main mold making, and adding a binder and adjusting the moisture content of the part affected by the molten metal heat for use as back sand in making the next main mold.

Abstract: A rolling bearing including a rolling element made of steel is provided. The rolling element has a hardness of 620 to 750 HV in its interior. The rolling element is so constructed that the hardest point may exist within a depth of 10% of its diameter from a rolling contact surface of the rolling element, and that the hardness at this point is made higher by 20 to 150 HV than the hardness in the interior.

Abstract: A ladder resistor for generating a plurality of reference voltages, and for selecting and outputting one or more desired reference voltage from among the plurality of reference voltages is disclosed. The ladder resistor comprises a first resistor group including a number of resistors connected in series and generating a number of reference voltages, and a second resistor group including a same number of resistors connected in series as the plurality of resistors included in the first resistor group, and generating a number of reference voltages, the plurality of resistors included in the second resistor group corresponding to the plurality of resistors included in the first resistor group, respectively.

Abstract: A successive approximation A/D converter includes a comparator formed of a plurality of comparators and comparing an analog input voltage with a plurality of voltages output from a digital-to-analog converter so as to output a conversion result including at least 2 bits. A control circuit in the A/D converter performs error correction based on the final result output from the comparator and outputs a final conversion result to a conversion result output terminal.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital converter comprising: an amplifier group for comparing a plurality of reference voltages with an analog voltage of an input analog signal, the amplifier group being composed of a plurality of individual amplifiers, an encoder for generating a digital code corresponding to the results of the comparison made in each of the amplifiers of the amplifier group, and a comparison-result output means which, when executing the test of the amplifier group, inputs all the results of the comparison made in each of the amplifiers together, and sequentially outputs these comparison results per one bit for each time, wherein the comparison-result output means may be a shift register that first inputs results of the comparison made in the amplifier group all at once, and thereafter outputs the thus input results of the comparison made in a plurality of amplifiers per one bit for each time in synchronization with the clock signals.

Abstract: A successive approximation A/D converter includes a comparator formed of a plurality of comparators and comparing an analog input voltage with a plurality of voltages output from a digital-to-analog converter so as to output a conversion result including at least 2 bits. A control circuit in the A/D converter performs error correction based on the final result output from the comparator and outputs a final conversion result to a conversion result output terminal.

Abstract: In a multi-element sensor calibration apparatus, an image signal derived from a multi-element sensor installed in a facsimile or a satellite is periodically calibrated based upon a zero level signal and a calibration signal having more than two uniform levels.

Abstract: A semiconductor package in which a semiconductor chip 16 is formed above a die pad 12 interposing a capacitor 22 therebetween, or the semiconductor chip 16 and the capacitor 22 in a vortex-shaped form are respectively formed on both faces of the die pad 12, or the condensers 22 are formed on both faces of the die pad 12 and the semiconductor chip 16 is formed on one of the condensers 22, and the die pad 12, the semiconductor chip 16 and the condensers 22 are sealed by resin by which adverse effect of noise is reduced, wherein the shape of the capacitor may be in a vortex-shaped form or opposed faces of metal layers may be roughened.