Abstract: A magnetic memory device such as a magnetic random access memory (MRAM), and a memory module and a memory system on which the magnetic memory device is mounted are disclosed. The MRAM includes magnetic memory cells each of which varies between at least two states according to a magnetization direction and an interface unit that provides various interface functions. The memory module includes a module board and at least one MRAM chip mounted on the module board, and further includes a buffer chip that manages an operation of the at least one MRAM chip. The memory system includes the MRAM and a memory controller that communicates with the MRAM, and may communicate an electric-to-optical conversion signal or an optical-to-electric conversion signal by using an optical link that is connected between the MRAM and the memory controller.

Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor memory device. The semiconductor memory includes a main area and a redundancy area. The main area includes a plurality of memory blocks sharing a write bit line and a read bit line. The redundancy area includes a plurality of redundancy memory blocks sharing a redundancy write bit line and a redundancy read bit line. The redundancy area is provided to replace a component in the main area having a defect.

Abstract: A MRAM includes a memory cell array of spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) cells and a source line commonly connected to the plurality of STT-MRAM cells. A source line voltage generator generates a source line driving voltage in response to an external power supply voltage and provides the source line driving voltage to the source line.

Abstract: A condenser microphone having a flexure hinge diaphragm and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The method includes the steps of: forming a lower silicon layer and a first insulating layer; forming an upper silicon layer on the first insulating layer; forming sound holes by patterning the upper silicon layer; forming a second insulating layer and a conductive layer on the upper silicon layer; forming a passivation layer on the conductive layer; forming a sacrificial layer on the passivation layer; depositing a diaphragm on the sacrificial layer, and forming air holes passing through the diaphragm; forming electrode pads on the passivation layer and a region of the diaphragm; and etching the layers to form an air gap between the diaphragm and the upper silicon layer. Consequently, a manufacturing process may improve the sensitivity and reduce the size of the condenser microphone.

Abstract: A magnetic random access memory (MRAM), and a memory module, memory system including the same, and method for controlling the same are disclosed. The MRAM includes magnetic memory cells configured to change between at least two states according to a magnetization direction, and a mode register supporting a plurality of operational modes.

Abstract: At least one embodiment includes a non-volatile memory cell array, a write buffer configured to store data being written into the non-volatile memory cell array, and a write unit configured to write data into the non-volatile memory cell array. The write unit is configured to perform writing of data such that each data will have reached a stable storage state in the non-volatile memory prior to being over-written in the write buffer.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a piezoelectric speaker having a weight that enables a frequency response characteristic of the piezoelectric speaker to be uniform by disposing a weight of a flexible material on an acoustic diaphragm or on and below an acoustic diaphragm of the piezoelectric speaker, thereby enhancing flatness of sound. The piezoelectric speaker having the weight includes a piezoelectric device having a piezoelectric layer and an electrode formed on or on and below the piezoelectric layer to apply an electrical signal to the piezoelectric layer; an acoustic diaphragm having a wider area than the piezoelectric device and bonded on one surface of the piezoelectric device; a frame disposed in a form that surrounds a side surface of the acoustic diaphragm; and a weight disposed above the acoustic diaphragm or above and below the acoustic diaphragm on which the piezoelectric device is disposed to thereby control a vibration.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory device includes a set pulse generator configured to generate a set pulse, a reset pulse generator configured to generate a reset pulse based on the set pulse, and a write driver block configured to write second data to a second non-volatile memory cell using the reset pulse, while writing first data to a first non-volatile memory cell using the set pulse.

Abstract: A method of controlling a digital photographing apparatus including a plurality of display units includes displaying a replay image file on a first display unit, determining whether additional information exists in the replay image file, searching for the additional information when the additional information exists in the replay image file, and displaying the additional information on a second display unit.

Abstract: A method of operating a phase change random access memory (PRAM) device includes performing a program operation to store data in selected PRAM cells of the device, wherein the program operation comprises a plurality of sequential program loops. The method further comprises suspending the program operation in the middle of the program operation, and after suspending the program operation, resuming the program operation in response to a resume command.

Abstract: Provided are a digital photographing apparatus capable of taking a self-shot, a method of controlling the same, and a recording medium storing a program to execute the method. A digital photographing apparatus includes a shooting unit, configured to generate a live image of a subject; a main display unit, configured to display the generated image; an auxiliary display unit mounted on a front of the digital photographing apparatus and configured to display the generated image; a determination unit configured to determine whether the auxiliary display unit is switched on or off; and a self-shot setting unit configured to set a self-shot mode when the auxiliary display unit is switched from an ‘off’ state to an ‘on’ state.

Abstract: Semiconductor packages including stacked semiconductor chips are provided. The semiconductor packages may include first semiconductor chips and a second semiconductor chip that are stacked sequentially on a board. The semiconductor packages may also include a wiring layer on the memory chips and the wiring layer may include redistribution patterns and redistribution pads. Each of the memory chips may include a data pad. The data pads of the first semiconductor chips may be electrically connected to the board via the second semiconductor chip, some of redistribution patterns, and some of redistribution pads.

Abstract: A digital photographing apparatus and a method of controlling the same. The method including setting a division frame configured by dividing a display screen; displaying a first input image in a first region of the set division frame; displaying the first input image captured according to a first photographing signal, in the first region; displaying a second input image in a second region of the set division frame; and displaying the second input image captured according to a second photographing signal in the second region.

Abstract: Disclosed are a component recognizing apparatus and a component recognizing method. The component recognizing apparatus includes: an image preprocessing unit configured to extract component edges from an input component image by using a plurality of edge detecting techniques, and detect a component region by using the extracted component edges; a feature extracting unit configured to extract a component feature from the detected component region, and create a feature vector by using the component feature; and a component recognizing unit configured to input the created feature vector to an artificial neural network which has learned in advance to recognize a component category through a plurality of component image samples, and recognize the component category according to a result.

Abstract: An adhesive film includes an amine curing agent and a phenolic curing agent, and has a ratio of a storage modulus at 170° C. after 80% or more curing to a storage modulus at 40° C. before curing in the range of about 1.5 to about 3.0.

Abstract: A display apparatus and method. A display apparatus including a display control unit configured to display a moving image on a first region of a display screen; and a thumbnail generation unit configured to generate a plurality of thumbnail images based on a plurality of still images related to the moving image, wherein the display control unit is configured to display the plurality of thumbnail images on a second region of the display screen.

Abstract: A digital photographing apparatus and a method of controlling the digital photographing apparatus prevent a touch malfunction from occurring while holding the digital photographing apparatus by having a touch protection area in the digital photographing apparatus. The digital photographing apparatus includes a large-sized touch screen on one surface thereof, wherein the touch screen includes: a touch area which inputs a touch from a user and executes icons corresponding to the touch; and a touch protection area which is not activated by the touch when the touch from the user is input on the touch screen.

Abstract: An apparatus for charging an emergency battery, which provides an emergency power to an emergency core cooling apparatus including an electric pump or a steam pump includes a thermoelectric generation device configured to detect a decay heat and a residual heat produced in a nuclear power plant and configured to convert the detected heat to an electric energy; an electric energy conversion unit connected to the thermoelectric generation device to output a current generated in the thermoelectric generation device as a constant voltage; and the emergency battery configured to store a power outputted from the electric energy conversion unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for cooling a spent fuel pool having a heat exchanger includes a cooling water pool positioned above the spent fuel pool; a floating device configured to be elevated according to a water level of a cooling water in the spent fuel pool; and an emergency cooling water supply pipe configured to form a path through which the cooling water of the cooling water pool is moved to the spent fuel pool and configured to include a floating valve that opens or closes a flow passage of the cooling water in connection with the elevation of the floating device.

Abstract: The semiconductor package structure includes first and second packages. The first package has at least one first semiconductor chip disposed on a first printed circuit board, and at least one first pad disposed on the at least one first semiconductor chip. The second package has at least one second pad disposed on the first package, and at least one second semiconductor chip disposed on the at least one second pad. The at least one first semiconductor chip is electrically connected to the first printed circuit board. The at least one second pad is electrically connected to the at least one second semiconductor chip. The at least one second pad faces the at least one first pad.