Abstract: A selected network element is arranged for distributed transmission resource allocation conflict reduction. The selected network element receives a transmission from one of a first other network element and a second other network element and identifies at least one transmission resource indicated by the received transmission as being reserved by the first other network element and the second other network element. The selected network element stores an indication of each of the at least one identified transmission resource. In response to reading the stored indications, the selected network element selects a different transmission resource that is different from the transmission resource indicated by the stored indications. The selected network element transmits a transmission from the selected network element using the selected different transmission resource.

Abstract: A memory device includes: a first substrate; a peripheral circuit provided on the first substrate; a first metal bonding layer provided on the peripheral circuit; a second metal bonding layer directly bonded to the first metal bonding layer; a memory cell array provided on the second metal bonding layer; and a second substrate provided on the memory cell array. A page buffer circuit in the peripheral circuit receives a verification result through the metal bonding layers, divides the verification result into stages, and sequentially outputs the verification result for the division into the stages, and a pass/failure checker in the peripheral circuit sequentially performs a counting operation about each of the stages to generate accumulated values, and compares the accumulated values and a reference value which increases from an initial value as the counting operation is performed, and the initial value is set by an external memory controller.

Abstract: A coupling assembly for pipe connection and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed. The coupling assembly for pipe connection is installable while a coupler is preassembled using a fastening member and is not deformed even in a fastening process so as to be stably fixed even after fastening. The coupling assembly is configured so that two or more couplers are disposed to face each other to connect pipes consecutively disposed in an axial direction and the pipes are connected while a fastening member is preassembled to the plurality of couplers, each of the couplers includes a locking part that is inserted into a fastening groove formed in the pipe, a portion of the locking part is inserted into the fastening groove, and the remaining portion of the locking part is disposed outside the fastening groove.

Abstract: A semiconductor device including a device isolation layer defining an active region; a first trench in the device isolation layer; a second trench in the active region; a main gate electrode structure filling a portion of the first trench and including a first barrier conductive layer and a main gate electrode; a pass gate electrode structure filling a portion of the second trench and including a second barrier conductive layer and a pass gate electrode; a support structure filling another portion of the second trench above the pass gate electrode; a first capping pattern filling another portion of the first trench above the main gate electrode; and a second gate insulating layer extending along a bottom and sidewall of the second trench, wherein the second barrier conductive layer is between the second gate insulating layer and the pass gate electrode and extends along a bottom and sidewall thereof.

Abstract: A includes an element isolation region, a first active region bounded by the element isolation region and that extends in a first direction and includes first and second parts disposed at a first level, and a third part disposed at a second level located above the first level, and a gate electrode disposed inside each of the element isolation region and the first active region and that extends in a second direction different from the first direction. The second part is spaced apart in the first direction from the first part, and the third part contacts each of the first and second parts. A first width in the second direction of the first part is less than a second width in the second direction of the third part.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode includes a first emitting part including a first emitting material layer (EML) and a first electron transporting layer (ETL), a second emitting part including a second EML and between the first emitting part and the second electrode, an n-type charge generation layer (CGL) contacting the first ETL and between the first ETL and the second emitting part, and a p-type CGL contacting the n-type CGL and between the n-type CGL and the second emitting part. The first ETL includes a first compound, and the n-type CGL includes a second compound and an n-type dopant. A lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the first compound can be higher than a LUMO energy level of the second compound.

Abstract: Disclosed are an electrode for a membrane-electrode assembly, a method of manufacturing the same and a membrane-electrode assembly using the same. The electrode may include the pores and pore density around a catalyst contained in the electrode may be selectively increased using a thermally decomposable chemical blowing agent, thereby improving mass transfer through the catalyst.

Abstract: Provided is a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating benign prostatic hyperplasia or alopecia, comprising lactic acid bacteria of Enterococcus genus as an active ingredient. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can replace the conventional therapeutic agents against treating benign prostatic hyperplasia or alopecia, such as finasteride or dutasteride. In particular, by introducing heat-killed probiotics of Enterococcus faecalis, the effect of preventing or treating benign prostatic hyperplasia or alopecia can be further enhanced.

Abstract: A memory device includes a voltage generator that provides a read voltage to a selected word line and provides a pass voltage to a plurality of unselected word lines, and a deterioration level detection circuit. The selected word line and the unselected word lines are connected to a plurality of memory cells. The deterioration level detection circuit detects a deterioration level of memory cells connected to the selected word line based on data of memory cells that receive the read voltage. The memory cells connected to the selected word line and the memory cells that receive the read voltage are included in the plurality of memory cells. The voltage generator changes the pass voltage provided to the unselected word lines based on the deterioration level.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, a food composition, and a food additive for the prevention and treatment or improvement of muscle loss, muscle weakness, and muscle atrophy, which contain Enterococcus faecalis, particularly Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 among others, a culture solution thereof, or a killed body thereof as an active ingredient. Killed Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 of the present invention exhibits a remarkable treatment effect for muscle loss, muscle weakness, and muscle atrophy by inhibiting the damage to muscle cells induced by oxidative stress, and thus killed lactic acid bacterium Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 of the present invention or a culture solution thereof can be usefully used as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition, a food composition, and a food additive for prevention of muscle atrophy and sarcopenia.

Abstract: A membrane electrode assembly and a method of manufacturing an electricity generating assembly include a pair of gas diffusion layers disposed on both surfaces of the membrane electrode assembly. Coupling agents are applied on surfaces of the gas diffusion layers, modifying surfaces of the gas diffusion layers. A coupling agent-friendly adhesive is applied to the surfaces of the gas diffusion layers to which the coupling agents are applied, forming adhesion layers on surfaces of the gas diffusion layers. The gas diffusion layers are stacked on the surfaces of the membrane electrode assembly, causing the adhesion layers to come into contact with the first and second surfaces of the membrane electrode assembly.

Abstract: A storage device includes a storage controller that receives a protecting command before a thermal process is performed in the storage device, and that generates a protecting pattern by programming a protecting voltage in a converged region where threshold voltage distributions of memory cells in the storage device converge after the thermal process is performed on the storage device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory device which includes a history table and communicates with a storage controller. A method of operating the memory device includes receiving a first request indicating a first core operation of a first memory block from the storage controller, determining whether history data of the first memory block have a first value or a second value, with reference to the history table, in response to the first request, when it is determined that the history data of the first memory block have the first value, performing the first core operation corresponding to a first type on the first memory block, and after performing the first core operation corresponding to the first type on the first memory block, updating the history data of the first memory block in the history table from the first value to the second value.

Abstract: A solid state drive apparatus includes a case including a base and side walls extending upward along a circumference of the base, an electrostatic prevention structure of a metal pillar spaced apart from the side walls and protruding from at least a partial surface of the base and an electrostatic absorbing member on at least a partial surface of the metal pillar, a package substrate module mounted on the electrostatic prevention structure in the case, and a cover covering the case and the package substrate module.

Abstract: Methods for building, transmitting, and receiving frame structures in power line communications (PLC) are described. Various techniques described herein provide a preamble design using one or more symbols. One or more preamble symbols may be interspersed within a header portion of a PLC frame to facilitate estimation of a frame boundary and/or sampling frequency offset, for example, in the presence of impulsive noise.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory device includes a memory cell array having cell strings that each includes memory cells stacked on a substrate in a direction perpendicular to the substrate. A row decoder is connected with the memory cells through word lines. The row decoder applies a setting voltage to at least one word line of the word lines and floats the at least one word line during a floating time. A page buffer circuit is connected with the cell strings through bit lines. The page buffer senses voltage changes of the bit lines after the at least one word line is floated during the floating time and outputs a page buffer signal as a sensing result. A counter counts a number of off-cells in response to the page buffer signal. A detecting circuit outputs a detection signal associated with a defect cell based on the number of off-cells.

Abstract: A multi-hop mesh network includes a root network device and a first network device. The first network device is configured to establish a first direct wireless connection with the root network device and negotiate a first shared secret key with the root network device. The multi-hop network further includes a second network device configured to establish a second direct wireless connection with the first network device and negotiate a second shared secret key with the first network device.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present disclosure provides an extracellular matrix-based bioadhesive as an adhesive in the form of a composition including an extracellular matrix-containing hydrogel and a gelatin curing agent, wherein the extracellular matrix-containing hydrogel is gelatinized. Since the extracellular matrix-based bioadhesive according to an embodiment of the present disclosure has the same or similar rheological properties as gelatin, the bioadhesive has flowability at a temperature of 30° C. or higher and may be evenly and easily applied to a lesion site in the body. In addition, the extracellular matrix-based bioadhesive according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may adhere well to the lesion site because of a level of adhesive strength that is about 2 to 6 times higher than that of fibrin glue used as a commercial tissue adhesive.

Abstract: An adhesive film for surface protection and an optical member including the same are provided. An adhesive film for surface protection is formed of a composition for adhesive films including a curable component including a urethane-based binder, a curing agent, and a plasticizer, and has a peel strength variation rate of ?50% to 20%, as calculated by Equation 1.

Abstract: A photovoltaic system with an inverter, at least one solar panel for providing electrical power, and electrical wiring for coupling electrical power from the at least one solar panel to the inverter. Also included is a transmitter for transmitting a messaging protocol along the electrical wiring, where the protocol includes a multibit wireline signal. Also included is circuitry for selectively connecting the electrical power from the at least one solar panel along the electrical wiring to the inverter in response to the messaging protocol.