Abstract: A battery cell includes an electrode assembly and a pouch case for sealing the electrode assembly together with an electrolyte, wherein the pouch case includes a receiving portion in which the electrode assembly is accommodated; and a sealing portion disposed on the perimeter of the receiving portion to seal the electrode assembly, wherein the sealing portion includes a strong sealing section and a weak sealing section, wherein the weak sealing section forms a venting path in the sealing portion, and wherein the venting path includes an inlet located on the inner surface of the sealing portion connected to the receiving portion and an outlet located on the outer surface of the sealing portion integrally connected to the inlet.

Abstract: A membrane-based electroosmotic pump, having catalyst regions on electrodes, can pump a fluid without applying an external voltage. Chemical reactions of fluid components on the catalyst regions on the electrodes can induce an electric field that generates an electroosmotic flow through channels of the membrane. In one embodiment, a pump comprising platinum and gold electrodes can generate the flow of the fluid containing hydrogen peroxide through channels of the membrane. In another embodiment, a pump comprising gold electrodes, on which glucose oxidase and laccase are deposited, can generate the flow of the fluid containing glucose.