Abstract: The present disclosure provides a belt auto-tensioner that automatically adjusts tension of a belt for rotational force transmission between an engine and auxiliary machinery components, the belt auto-tensioner comprising: an upper cover that is provided with a pulley being in contact with the belt and has a receiving space provided so as to be spaced apart from the pulley; a tensioner body that is inserted into the receiving space, and provides friction attenuation to the upper cover when the upper cover rotates in a direction opposite to a direction of tension applying engagement by the tension of the belt; and a friction unit that is installed on an inner surface of the receiving space, and is formed so as to rub against an outer surface of the tensioner body when the upper cover rotates.

Abstract: A method of operating a nonvolatile memory device includes performing a first memory operation on a first memory block of a plurality of memory blocks and a curing operation on a portion of the first memory block when a status signal indicates a ready state of the nonvolatile memory device during an interval equal to or greater than a reference interval after the first memory operation is completed. The nonvolatile memory device includes the plurality of memory blocks, each memory block including a plurality of vertical strings extending in a vertical direction with respect to a substrate.

Abstract: A driver state monitoring system includes a first lighting module for driving a first lighting device, a camera for acquiring an image, a second lighting module for driving a second lighting device by synchronizing the second lighting device with the first lighting device wirelessly, and a controller for analyzing the image acquired by the camera to recognize a driver state.

Abstract: An image display device includes a display panel displaying an image, and a diffractive element formed to operate in a 2D mode or a 3D mode so that the image of the display panel is perceived as a 2D image or a 3D image after passing through the diffractive element. In the image display device, the diffractive element includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, a first electrode layer formed on the first substrate that includes a plurality of zones, a second electrode layer formed on the second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. Further, when the diffractive element operates in the 3D mode, a common voltage is applied to the second electrode layer, and polarity of voltages applied to the first electrode layer with respect to the common voltage is inverted every zone.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a device and method for updating firmware and a firmware update system. The device for updating firmware include an update manager for receiving delta information about the latest version of firmware from an update server by checking information about a version of firmware installed in a terminal device and for updating the firmware installed in the terminal device using the delta information, and a bootloader for restoring the updated firmware using previously stored backup information when the updated firmware is not normally launched or when an error occurs during the update of the firmware.

Abstract: A flash memory, a flash memory system, and an operating method thereof. The method of operating a flash memory includes counting the number of memory cells having threshold voltages included in a first adjacent threshold voltage range (defined by a first reference read voltage for distinguishing between initially separated adjacently located threshold voltage distributions and a first search read voltage having a first voltage difference from the first reference read voltage), and a second adjacent threshold voltage range (defined by the first reference read voltage and a second search read voltage having a second voltage difference from the first reference read voltage), and setting a first optimal read voltage based on the difference between the first and second counted numbers of the memory cells.

Abstract: A system for performing an integrity verification based on a distributed delegator and verifying an integrity of a plurality of individual devices based on a network includes: a first individual device which is an integrity verification target of the plurality of individual devices; a second individual device configured to vicariously verify the verification target device of the plurality of individual devices; and a remote device management server configured to select the second individual device of the plurality of individual devices as a verification delegator, and to receive a result of integrity verification of the first individual device by the second individual device.

Abstract: A method is provided for operating a memory device. The method includes counting, from among memory cells, a number of first off-cells with respect to a first reading voltage and a number of second off-cells with respect to a second reading voltage, comparing the number of first off-cells and the number of second off-cells, and determining, based on a result of the comparing, whether a programming error exists in a storage region in which the memory cells are included.

Abstract: Provided are an audio encoding method and apparatus and an audio decoding method and apparatus in which audio signals can be encoded or decoded so that sound images can be localized at any desired position for each object audio signal. The audio decoding method generating a third downmix signal by combining a first downmix signal extracted from a first audio signal and a second downmix signal extracted from a second audio signal; generating third object-based side information by combining first object-based side information extracted from the first audio signal and second object-based side information extracted from the second audio signal; converting the third object-based side information into channel-based side information; and generating a multi-channel audio signal using the third downmix signal and the channel-based side information.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for producing a carbon nanotube fiber. The apparatus includes: a vertical reactor having a reaction zone; a concentric double-pipe inlet tube disposed on top of the reaction zone and consisting of an inner pipe through which a spinning feedstock including a spinning solution and a first gas is introduced into the reaction zone and an outer pipe defining a concentric annular portion surrounding the inner pipe and through which a second gas is introduced into the reaction zone; heating means for heating the reaction zone; and a discharge unit disposed under the bottom of the reaction zone to discharge a carbon nanotube fiber therethrough. The spinning feedstock entering the reaction zone through the inner pipe of the inlet tube is carbonized and graphitized while flowing from the top to the bottom of the reaction zone to form a carbon nanotube fiber consisting of a continuous sock (or aggregates) of carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for transferring a data signal between a smartcard interface and an interface of a processor within an embedded system. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an interface conversion device communicating between a processor and a smartcard IC chip includes: an input/output signal conversion logic configured to transfer a signal between a first interface of the processor and a second interface of the smartcard IC chip; a clock generator configured to generate a clock signal driving the smartcard IC chip depending on a first control signal received from the processor and provide the generated clock signal to the smartcard IC chip; and a reset controller configured to generate a reset signal depending on a second control signal received from the processor and provide the generated reset signal to the smartcard IC chip.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electronic device including a message creation unit for creating an authentication message that includes hardware information and security level information for mutual authentication with an additional electronic device; a communication unit for sending the authentication message to the additional electronic device and receiving an authentication message of the additional electronic device from the additional electronic device; an authentication algorithm selection unit for selecting an authentication algorithm for mutual authentication with the additional electronic device based on hardware information and security level information of the additional electronic device, which are included in the authentication message of the additional electronic device; and an authentication processing unit for performing a mutual authentication process using the selected authentication algorithm.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a vehicle emergency notification method and apparatus using interaction with an external terminal. Some of functions of a conventional vehicle emergency notification apparatus are performed by a replaceable or detachable external terminal. The apparatus may provide notification of a vehicle emergency via interaction with the external terminal. The external terminal generates a Minimum Set of Data (MSD) related to an accident involving the vehicle. A proxy Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) receives the MSD from the external terminal. The PSAP finally determines whether an accident involving the vehicle has occurred via interaction with a proxy PSAP FE and interaction with a vehicle occupant, and requests dispatch from an emergency agency if it is finally determined that the accident involving the vehicle has occurred.

Abstract: A method is provided for operating a memory device. The method includes counting, from among memory cells, a number of first off-cells with respect to a first reading voltage and a number of second off-cells with respect to a second reading voltage, comparing the number of first off-cells and the number of second off-cells, and determining, based on a result of the comparing, whether a programming error exists in a storage region in which the memory cells are included.

Abstract: A method is for operating a memory system including a memory device. The method includes managing program order information of the memory device based on a program order stamp (POS) indicating a relative temporal relationship between program operations of a plurality of memory groups that are included in the memory device, and controlling a read voltage for performing a read operation on the memory device. The read voltage is controlled based on the program order information and a mapping table that stores a read voltage offset and a POS corresponding to the read voltage offset.

Abstract: A method for detecting face direction of a person includes receiving a face image of the person. The method further includes determining whether the person is wearing glasses, based on the face image. The method also includes determining whether the number of reflection points of light in a glasses region of the face image is four or more at the time of detecting the glasses region. The method also includes aligning the reflection points of light in order of size, upon determining that the number of reflection points of light is four or more. The method also includes detecting two virtual images of the light, based on the aligning. The method also includes detecting a face direction vector based on the two virtual images of the light.

Abstract: A system and method for virtualizing SDN-based network monitoring. The system for includes: an information collector, a monitoring component, an information converter, and a resource allocator, in which a user-defined virtual monitor is included so that integrated monitoring may be performed, and expandability may be guaranteed to dynamically respond to a user's, demands.

Abstract: A menu selection apparatus using gaze tracking includes: a gaze tracker configured to track a gaze of a driver and to output time series gaze data; a timer included in the gaze tracker and configured to output a timing pulse; a buffer configured to store the time series gaze data; a counter configured to count the timing pulse to adjust synchronization with the timer; a button configured to output a click signal when being clicked by the driver; and a controller configured to extract the time series gaze data for a critical time based on button click timing as the click signal is output from the button and to then calculate an average of gaze vectors within each time series gaze data.

Abstract: A system for controlling an exposure of a camera may include: a histogram calculator configured to calculate a histogram from an input image; a virtual histogram generator configured to generate a virtual histogram by differently applying the exposure to the calculated histogram; a histogram hole filter configured to generate a final histogram by filtering a hole generated in the virtual histogram; a histogram uniformity unit configured to perform uniformity of the final histogram; and an optimum exposure setting unit configured to apply an exposure value depending on the uniformized histogram.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing a population of antibodies to have high purity and high quality by removing antibody isoforms and impurities through the use of a cation exchange column, a hydrophobic interaction column, and an anion exchange column successively, without using a protein A column; and to a population of antibodies prepared by the above method.