Abstract: A perfusion plate that can be combined with pillar plates containing cell layers is disclosed. The perfusion plate can have an inflow reservoir and an outflow reservoir connected by at least one channel, which fluidly connects the perfusion wells to the reservoirs for the flow of a fluid such as growth media. A perfusion plate can be part of an assembly containing a pillar plate, a lid, and a transparent bottom for visualizing cell growth in the perfusion wells. The perfusion-pillar plate assembly can facilitate perfusion-based tissue culture and tissue communication for high throughput, high-content, drug screening.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is provided. The semiconductor device includes a substrate, an active pattern extending in a first direction on the substrate, a gate electrode extending in a second direction intersecting the first direction on the active pattern, a gate spacer extending in the second direction along side walls of the gate electrode, an interlayer insulating layer contacting side walls of the gate spacer, a trench formed on the gate electrode in the interlayer insulating layer, a first capping pattern provided along side walls of the trench, at least one side wall of the first capping pattern having an inclined profile, and a second capping pattern provided on the first capping pattern in the trench.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate, a gate structure on the substrate, and a gate contact in the gate structure. The gate structure includes a gate electrode extending in a first direction and a gate capping pattern on the gate electrode. The gate contact is connected to the gate electrode. The gate electrode includes a protrusion extending along a boundary between the gate contact and the gate capping pattern.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a semiconductor device includes: forming a dielectric layer over a substrate; forming a hole-shaped partial via in the dielectric layer; forming a line-shaped trench that partially overlaps with the partial via and has a greater line width than a line width of the partial via in the dielectric layer; forming a hole-shaped via that has a smaller line width than the line width of the partial via and penetrates the dielectric layer on a lower surface of the partial via; and gap-filling the via, the partial via and the trench with a conductive material, wherein a lower surface of the trench is positioned at a higher level than the lower surface of the partial via.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is capable of improving the performance and reliability of a device. The semiconductor device includes a first fin-shaped pattern which extends lengthwise in a first direction, a second fin-shaped pattern which is spaced apart from the first fin-shaped pattern in a second direction and extends lengthwise in the first direction, a first gate electrode extending lengthwise in the second direction on the first fin-shaped pattern, a second gate electrode extending lengthwise in the second direction on the second fin-shaped pattern, a first gate separation structure which separates the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode and is at the same vertical level as the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode, and a first source/drain contact extending lengthwise in the second direction on the first fin-shaped pattern and the second fin-shaped pattern.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an active pattern extending in a first direction on a substrate, a gate structure on the active pattern and having a gate electrode extending in a second direction intersecting the active pattern, and a gate capping pattern on the gate electrode, the gate capping pattern including a gate capping liner defining a gate capping recess, the gate capping liner having a horizontal portion along an upper surface of the gate electrode, and a vertical portion extending from the horizontal portion in a third direction intersecting the first and second directions, and a gate capping filling film on the gate capping liner and filling the gate capping recess, an epitaxial pattern on the active pattern and adjacent the gate structure, a gate contact on and connected to the gate electrode, and an active contact on and connected to the epitaxial pattern.

Abstract: A micropillar and microwell chip and methods of studying cellular environments using micropillar and microwell chips is disclosed. The micropillar chip may include at least one micropillar with a pillar-microwell. The microwell chip may include at least one microwell with an upper and a lower microwell. A perfusion channel chip that may be integrated with a micropillar chip is also disclosed. The perfusion channel chip may include a channel, a pillar-insertion hole, a membrane cassette, and a reservoir well.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an active pattern extending in a first horizontal direction on a substrate, a gate electrode extending in a second horizontal direction across the active pattern, and including a first portion, and a second portion protruding upward from the first portion in a vertical direction, a capping pattern extending in the second horizontal direction on the gate electrode, and a gate contact disposed on the second portion of the gate electrode, overlapping the active pattern, and penetrating the capping pattern to connect the gate electrode.

Abstract: A multiplexed method of monitoring immune-cell responses to different ligands using a micropillar/microwell plate platform is disclosed. The method may include dispensing immune cells onto at least one micropillar chip and inserting the at least one micropillar into at least one microwell on a microwell chip, in which the at least one microwell contains at least one test compound. The method may also include immobilizing antibodies onto at least one micropillar on a micropillar chip and inserting the at least one micropillar into at least one microwell on a microwell chip, in which the at least one microwell contains a test compound. The method may also include treating the micropillar chip with at least one reactive polymer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is provided. The semiconductor device includes a substrate, an active pattern extending in a first direction on the substrate, a gate electrode extending in a second direction intersecting the first direction on the active pattern, a gate spacer extending in the second direction along side walls of the gate electrode, an interlayer insulating layer contacting side walls of the gate spacer, a trench formed on the gate electrode in the interlayer insulating layer, a first capping pattern provided along side walls of the trench, at least one side wall of the first capping pattern having an inclined profile, and a second capping pattern provided on the first capping pattern in the trench.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate, a gate structure on the substrate, and a gate contact in the gate structure. The gate structure includes a gate electrode extending in a first direction and a gate capping pattern on the gate electrode. The gate contact is connected to the gate electrode. The gate electrode includes a protrusion extending along a boundary between the gate contact and the gate capping pattern.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an active pattern extending in a first horizontal direction on a substrate, a gate electrode extending in a second horizontal direction across the active pattern, and including a first portion, and a second portion protruding upward from the first portion in a vertical direction, a capping pattern extending in the second horizontal direction on the gate electrode, and a gate contact disposed on the second portion of the gate electrode, overlapping the active pattern, and penetrating the capping pattern to connect the gate electrode.

Abstract: A perfusion plate that can be combined with pillar plates containing cell layers is disclosed. The perfusion plate can have an inflow reservoir and an outflow reservoir connected by at least one channel, which fluidly connects the perfusion wells to the reservoirs for the flow of a fluid such as growth media. A perfusion plate can be part of an assembly containing a pillar plate, a lid, and a transparent bottom for visualizing cell growth in the perfusion wells. The perfusion-pillar plate assembly can facilitate perfusion-based tissue culture and tissue communication for high throughput, high-content, drug screening.

Abstract: A method of creating a miniature multicellular biological construct and a method for studying cellular environments using the miniature multicellular biological construct is provided. The method for making the miniature multicellular biological construct includes suspending cells in a hydrogel, depositing the cell-suspension into a microwell, gelling the cell-suspension, and incubating the cell-suspension. The method for studying cellular environments includes imaging the miniature multicellular biological construct.

Abstract: A method of operating a nonvolatile memory device is provided. The nonvolatile memory device includes a memory cell array including a plurality of memory cells. The method includes: the nonvolatile memory device determining an operation mode based on the received command, the nonvolatile memory device generating a comparison voltage based on the determined operation mode, the nonvolatile memory device comparing the comparison voltage with a reference voltage to generate a result, and the nonvolatile memory device performing a recovery operation on at least one of the memory cells depending on the result.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus and method for controlling a portable terminal. The apparatus includes a contact sensing unit which senses an area of an external surface of the portable terminal contacted by a user as the user holds the portable terminal, a recognizing unit which recognizes a function mode of the portable terminal based on information about the contacted area sensed by the contact sensing unit, and a control unit which changes the portable terminal to a function mode recognized by the recognizing unit. Since a function mode of the portable terminal is controlled according to the way a user holds the portable terminal, convenience of changing a function mode of the portable terminal is provided through a single manipulation.

Abstract: A multiplexed method of monitoring immune-cell responses to different ligands using a micropillar/microwell plate platform is disclosed. The method may include dispensing immune cells onto at least one micropillar chip and inserting the at least one micropillar into at least one microwell on a microwell chip, in which the at least one microwell contains at least one test compound. The method may also include immobilizing antibodies onto at least one micropillar on a micropillar chip and inserting the at least one micropillar into at least one microwell on a microwell chip, in which the at least one microwell contains a test compound. The method may also include treating the micropillar chip with at least one reactive polymer.

Abstract: A method of operating a nonvolatile memory device is provided. The nonvolatile memory device includes a memory cell array including a plurality of memory cells. The method includes: the nonvolatile memory device determining an operation mode based on the received command, the nonvolatile memory device generating a comparison voltage based on the determined operation mode, the nonvolatile memory device comparing the comparison voltage with a reference voltage to generate a result, and the nonvolatile memory device performing a recovery operation on at least one of the memory cells depending on the result.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus and method for controlling a portable terminal. The apparatus includes a contact sensing unit which senses an area of an external surface of the portable terminal contacted by a user as the user holds the portable terminal, a recognizing unit which recognizes a function mode of the portable terminal based on information about the contacted area sensed by the contact sensing unit, and a control unit which changes the portable terminal to a function mode recognized by the recognizing unit. Since a function mode of the portable terminal is controlled according to the way a user holds the portable terminal, convenience of changing a function mode of the portable terminal is provided through a single manipulation.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus and method for controlling a portable terminal. The apparatus includes a contact sensing unit which senses an area of an external surface of the portable terminal contacted by a user as the user holds the portable terminal, a recognizing unit which recognizes a function mode of the portable terminal based on information about the contacted area sensed by the contact sensing unit, and a control unit which changes the portable terminal to a function mode recognized by the recognizing unit. Since a function mode of the portable terminal is controlled according to the way a user holds the portable terminal, convenience of changing a function mode of the portable terminal is provided through a single manipulation.