Abstract: An example system includes a simulation engine to determine a plurality of thermal states that will be experienced by powder at a voxel of a three-dimensional print volume as a result of printing a particular build. Each thermal state corresponds to a time during the printing or cooling from the printing. The system includes a stress engine to calculate a stress to the powder at the voxel based on the plurality of thermal states. The system includes a degradation engine to determine an amount of degradation of the powder at the voxel based on the stress.

Abstract: A multi-fluid kit for three-dimensional printing can include a fusing agent with water and a radiation absorber, and a detailing agent. The radiation absorber can absorb radiation energy and converts the radiation energy to heat. The detailing agent can include water and from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % organosilanes based on a total weight of the detailing agent, wherein the organosilanes include an organosilane compound with a central silicon having both a water-solubilizing group and multiple hydrolyzable groups attached thereto.

Abstract: According to examples, an apparatus may include a processor and a memory on which are stored machine-readable instructions that when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to identify a property of a portion of a three-dimensional (3D) part to be fabricated and determine, based on the identified property, a thermal value associated with the portion. The instructions may also cause the processor to, based on the determined thermal value, determine a first agent composition to be used to fabricate the portion and determine a second agent composition to be used to fabricate a section external and adjacent to the portion, in which the first agent composition and the second agent composition may be determined to cause the portion and the external section to be fabricated to have the identified property while maintaining the external section separate from the portion.

Abstract: A heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system of a vehicle includes a main compressor positioned along a refrigerant circuit circulating a flow of refrigerant therethrough. A chiller is located along the refrigerant circuit and is fluidly connected to a rechargeable energy storage system to cool the rechargeable energy storage system. A chiller outlet passage directs the flow of refrigerant from the chiller toward the main compressor, and an evaporator is located along the refrigerant circuit in a fluidly parallel relationship with the chiller. The evaporator is configured to cool a vehicle cabin. An evaporator outlet passage directs the flow of refrigerant from the evaporator toward the main compressor, and an auxiliary compressor is located along the evaporator outlet passage between the evaporator and the main compressor.

Abstract: Hydrogel three-dimensional printing kits, methods of three-dimensional printing and three-dimensional printed hydro-gels are described. In one example, a three-dimensional printing kit can comprise a particulate build material, a crosslinking agent and a structural modifier. The particulate build material may comprise a polyhydroxylated polymer having hydroxyl groups. The crosslinking gent is for crosslinking the polyhydroxylated polymer by a reaction with the hydroxyl groups. The structural modifier can have a plurality of functional groups for forming a network within the hydrogel, and where the structural modifier may have a reactivity that is chemically orthogonal to the reaction with the hydroxyl groups for crosslinking the polyhydroxylated polymer.

Abstract: According to examples described herein, methods, compositions, and agents comprising an antistatic agent are described. According to one example, a fusing agent composition for three-dimensional printing can comprise: at least one antistatic agent in an amount of from about 0.01 wt % to about 20 wt % based on a total weight of the fusing agent composition, at least one near infrared absorbing compound, at least one surfactant, at least one organic solvent, and water.

Abstract: This disclosure describes hydrogel three-dimensional printing kits, methods of three-dimensional printing hydrogels, and hydrogel three-dimensional printing systems. In one example, a hydrogel three-dimensional printing kit can include a particulate build material and an aqueous agent. The particulate build material can include from about 90 wt % to 100 wt % of a mixture of a powdered polyhydroxylated swellable polymer dry blended with powdered water-soluble crosslinker that is reactive with hydroxyl groups of the polyhydroxylated swellable polymer to crosslink the polyhydroxylated swellable polymer. The aqueous agent can include water and an organic co-solvent, and the aqueous agent may not include the crosslinker.

Abstract: This disclosure describes hydrogel three-dimensional printing kits, methods of three-dimensional printing hydrogels, and hydrogel three-dimensional printing systems. In one example, a hydrogel three-dimensional printing kit can include a particulate build material, a crosslinking agent, a whitening agent, and a coloring agent. The particulate build material can include a polyhydroxylated swellable polymer. The crosslinking agent can include water and a crosslinker that is reactive with hydroxyl groups of the polyhydroxylated swellable polymer to crosslink the polyhydroxylated swellable polymer. The whitening agent can include water and a dispersed white pigment. The coloring agent can include water and a colorant.

Abstract: This disclosure describes hydrogel three-dimensional printing kits, methods of three-dimensional printing hydrogels, and hydrogel three-dimensional printing systems. In one example, a hydrogel three-dimensional printing kit can include a particulate build material and a crosslinking agent. The particulate build material can include from about 90 wt % to 100 wt % of a polyhydroxylated swellable polymer. The crosslinking agent can include water and a crosslinker that is reactive with hydroxyl groups of the polyhydroxylated swellable polymer to crosslink the polyhydroxylated swellable polymer.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes multi-fluid kits for three-dimensional printing, three-dimensional printing kits, and methods of making three-dimensional printed objects. In one example, a multi-fluid kit for three-dimensional printing can include a fusing agent and a tinted anti-coalescing agent. The fusing agent can include water and an electromagnetic radiation absorber that absorbs radiation energy and converts the radiation energy to heat. The tinted anti-coalescing agent can include an aqueous liquid vehicle, a colored dye dissolved in the aqueous liquid vehicle, and an organosilane. The organosilane can have a central silicon atom covalently coupled to multiple hydrolysable groups and to an organic group by covalent bonding to a carbon atom in the organic group, wherein the organic group is not susceptible to hydrolysis.

Abstract: This disclosure describes multi-fluid kits for three-dimensional printing, three-dimensional printing kits, and methods of testing powder bed material for contamination. In one example, a multi-fluid kit for three-dimensional printing can include a fusing agent and a detector solution. The fusing agent can include water, an electromagnetic radiation absorber, and a first pigment reactant. The electromagnetic radiation absorber can absorb radiation energy and convert the radiation energy to heat. The detector solution can include water and a second pigment reactant.

Abstract: This disclosure describes multi-fluid kits for three-dimensional printing, three-dimensional printing kits, and methods of sensing metal ions using three-dimensional printed ion sensors. In one example, a multi-fluid kit for three-dimensional printing can include a fusing agent and an ion-sensing agent. The fusing agent can include water and an electromagnetic radiation absorber. The electromagnetic radiation absorber can absorb radiation energy and convert the radiation energy to heat. The ion-sensing agent can include water and a redox-active inorganic salt.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes multi-fluid kits for three-dimensional printing, three-dimensional printing kits, and methods of making three-dimensional printed articles. In one example, a multi-fluid kit for three-dimensional printing can include a fusing agent, a hydrophobizing agent, and a hydrophilizing agent. The fusing agent can include water and an electromagnetic radiation absorber, wherein the electromagnetic radiation absorber absorbs radiation energy and converts the radiation energy to heat. The hydrophobizing agent can include water and a hydrophobic additive including a first polymer having a hydrophobic group, a monomer that is polymerizable to form a first polymer having a hydrophobic group, or a combination thereof. The hydrophilizing agent can include water and a hydrophilic additive including a second polymer having a hydrophilic group.

Abstract: A multi-fluid kits for three-dimensional printing can include a fusing agent and a tinted anti-coalescing agent. The fusing agent can include water and an electromagnetic radiation absorber that absorbs radiation energy and converts the radiation energy to heat. The tinted anti-coalescing agent can include an aqueous liquid vehicle, a colored dye dissolved in the aqueous liquid vehicle, and a polyelectrolyte. The polyelectrolyte can have a weight average molecular weight from about 1,000 Mw to about 8,000 Mw, the polyelectrolyte can be water-absorbent at a water to polyelectrolyte weight ratio from about 2:1 to about 1,000:1, and about 90 wt % to 100 wt % of the polyelectrolyte can be dissolved in the aqueous liquid vehicle.

Abstract: According to examples, an apparatus may include a processor and a memory on which are stored machine-readable instructions that when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to identify an orientation of a surface of a three-dimensional (3D) model. The instructions may also cause the processor to, based on the identified orientation of the surface, determine an agent formulation to be employed in fabricating a section of a 3D printed part corresponding to the surface, in which each of a plurality of different orientations of surfaces of the 3D model corresponds to a respective different agent formulation.

Abstract: According to examples described herein, methods, compositions, and parts comprising an antistatic agent are described. According to one example, a method of three-dimensional printing can comprise: (i) a layer of build material being deposited; (ii) a first fusing agent being selectively applied on the build material, wherein the first fusing agent can comprise at least one first antistatic agent; and (iii) repetition of (i) and (ii) at least once to form a core of a three-dimensional part.

Abstract: An automotive vehicle includes a body having fore and aft portions. The vehicle includes a bumper beam coupled to the vehicle body proximate the fore portion and a heat exchanger disposed aft of the bumper beam. A fascia assembly is coupled to the vehicle body and extends about the bumper beam. The fascia assembly includes a fascia inlet configured to direct an airflow from the exterior of the fascia assembly to the interior of the fascia assembly. An energy absorption member is disposed between the fascia and the bumper beam. An air passage extends through at least one of the bumper beam and the energy absorption member. The air passage extends from an air passage inlet to an air passage outlet. The air passage inlet is positioned downstream of the fascia inlet with respect to the airflow, and the air passage outlet being positioned upstream of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: In an example, a method includes segmenting, using a processor, a virtual volume comprising a representation of at least a part of an object to be generated in additive manufacturing. The virtual volume may be segmented into a plurality of segments and the object may be intended to have a first color. Additive manufacturing control instructions may be determined for the segments. The additive manufacturing control instructions may comprise instructions for distributing the print agent composition and the additive manufacturing control instructions for each segment may be determined based on the thermal properties of a print agent composition intended to provide the first color to compensate for variations in object dimensions associated with the thermal properties.

Abstract: A multi-fluid kit for three-dimensional printing can include a fusing agent with water and a radiation absorber, and a detailing agent. The radiation absorber can absorb radiation energy and converts the radiation energy to heat. The detailing agent can include water and from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % organosilanes based on a total weight of the detailing agent, wherein the organosilanes include an organosilane compound with a central silicon having both a water-solubilizing group and multiple hydrolyzable groups attached thereto.