Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for treating a substrate, and more particularly, an apparatus and a method for heat treating a substrate. The apparatus includes: a heating unit provided in the inner space, and providing a treatment space in which a heating process of the substrate is performed; a transfer plate positioned within the inner space, and movable between an inner position for loading the substrate into the treatment space or for unloading the substrate from the treatment space and an outer position provided outside the heating unit; and a gas injection unit positioned within the inner space, and for injecting atmosphere gas toward the substrate at the outer position.

Abstract: In a system for setting current capacity of a charging cable for supply of battery power from one electric vehicle to another electric vehicle, a discharge controller is provided in a supply vehicle to discharge a battery of the supply vehicle to supply battery power to a target vehicle. A charge controller is provided in the target vehicle to charge a battery of the target vehicle with battery power supplied from the supply vehicle. A charging cable part electrically connects the supply vehicle and the target vehicle. The discharge controller is configured to perform control so that a discharging current of the charging cable part is set by detecting an allowable charging current of the charging cable part connected to the supply vehicle and comparing the allowable charging current with a predetermined maximum current outputtable from the supply vehicle.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is disclosed. The semiconductor device includes a gate electrode on a substrate and extending in a first direction, source/drain patterns spaced apart from each other, in a second direction, with the gate electrode interposed therebetween, a gate contact electrically connected to the gate electrode, and an active contact electrically connected to at least one of the source/drain patterns. The active contact includes a lower contact pattern electrically connected to the at least one of the source/drain patterns, the lower contact pattern having a first width in the first direction, and an upper contact pattern electrically connected to a top surface of the lower contact pattern, the upper contact pattern having a second width in the first direction that is smaller than the first width. The upper contact pattern and the gate contact horizontally overlap each other.

Abstract: A security key is configured to be replaced when a device is replaced in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system. A method for operating a first device may include: receiving a first message including first information associated with security key replacement from a second device or a third device; receiving a third message including second information associated with security key replacement, which is generated based on a second message including a security key replacement indication, from the second device or the third device; and replacing the security key.

Abstract: The present disclosure related to managing a data license in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system, and a method for operating a first device may include generating a first resource including data and a second resource including information for managing a license of the data, receiving a message for requesting an operation for the data from a second device, determining, based on the information in the second resource, whether the operation is permitted, and transmitting a second message for performing the operation to the second device or a third device.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to augmenting data in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system, and a method for operating an apparatus may include receiving a request message including information necessary for data augmentation, obtaining original data based on the information, generating augmented data from the original data based on the information, and storing the augmented data.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to enable an artificial intelligence (AI) service in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system, and a method for operating a first device may include transmitting a first message for requesting to generate a resource associated with training of an artificial intelligence model to a second device, transmitting a second message for requesting to perform the training based on the resource to the second device, receiving a third message for notifying completion of the training of the artificial intelligence model from the second device, and performing a predicting operation using the trained artificial intelligence model.

Abstract: The present disclosure related to managing a data license in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system, and a method for operating a first device may include generating a first resource including data and a second resource including information for managing a license of the data, receiving a message for requesting an operation for the data from a second device, determining, based on the information in the second resource, whether the operation is permitted, and transmitting a second message for performing the operation to the second device or a third device.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to forwarding a large amount of data in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system, and a method for operating a first device may include: transmitting, to a second device, a request message for bulk data transfer; and receiving, from the second device, an acknowledgment message for notifying completion of the bulk data transfer, wherein the request message may include at least one of information for identifying data to be included in bulk data, information on a target common service entity (CSE) in a target platform that receives the bulk data, information for indicating processing of source data after the bulk data transfer, and information for accessing the target CSE.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for handling personal data in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system, and an operation method of an M2M device includes obtaining information related to consent of a user for personal data provided from an Internet of things (IoT) device and creating a consent-related resource based on the information. The resource includes at least one attribute related to the consent.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method and apparatus for managing log information in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system, and a method for operating an M2M device in an M2M system may include receiving a first message for requesting to create a log management rule, creating storage for storing the log management rule and log information to be generated according to the log management rule, and setting a reference relationship between the log management rule and the storage.

Abstract: A subscription service including a number of subscriptions possessed by a device is managed in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system. A method for operating a first device may include: transmitting, to a second device, a first message for requesting a new subscription that uses a first resource for managing subscription; receiving, from the second device, a second message for notifying an update of a second resource associated with the new subscription; and identifying a content of the second resource, wherein the first resource may include at least one of a first attribute indicating a number of subscriptions possessed by the first device, a second attribute indicating, among resources to which the first device is subscribing, a number of resources which are updated but not yet retrieved, or a third attribute indicating an access address of a subscribed resource.

Abstract: A liveness check in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system is provided. A method for operating an M2M device includes generating a resource including information on a liveness check for a local device and confirming whether a probe signal for the liveness check is received from the local device. The liveness status of the local device is determined based on whether the probe signal is received.

Abstract: A method for performing resource offloading in an M2M system is provided. The method is performed based on an offloaded resource and offloaded attributes. The method includes generating an offloading request message that requests offloading of a source resource. In response to the offloading request message, offloading the source resource for which the offloading is requested. An offloaded resource is then generated using the offloaded source resource. Herein, the offloaded resource includes synchronization modes designating synchronization methods with the offloaded source resource as offloaded attributes.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a liveness identify in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system, and a method for operating an M2M device may include identifying a protection regulation applied to data, identifying a protection mechanism applied to the data, and transmitting a resource creation request message including information indicating the protection regulation and the protection mechanism to a second M2M device, and the data may include personal information or privacy information that is generated by an application executed in the M2M device.

Abstract: The present disclosure may protect data in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system. A method for operating a first device in the M2M system may include: receiving, from a second device, data including an original value generated by the second device; obtaining at least one representation value corresponding to the original value; and storing the original value and the at least one representation value in a resource for storing the data generated by the second device.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to hiding data trends in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system. A method for operating a first device in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system may include: performing a registration procedure for a second device; receiving real data generated by the second device; obtaining fake data of an identical type as the real data; and storing the real data and the fake data in a same resource.

Abstract: An operation method is provided for deleting a resource in an M2M system. The operation method includes receiving a first deletion request message requesting deletion of a resource from a counterpart M2M apparatus and transmitting a first deletion response message for the first deletion request message to the counterpart M2M apparatus. A second deletion request message is received that requests deletion of the resource from the counterpart M2M apparatus and the resource is deleted.

Abstract: The present disclosure may support automated re-learning in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system. A method for operating a device may include: generating a resource for training an artificial intelligence (AI) model; controlling to perform initial learning of the AI model; collecting learning data for re-learning for the AI model; and controlling to perform re-learning of the AI model by using the learning data.

Abstract: An apparatus for labeling data in a machine-to-machine (M2M) system, and a method for operating the apparatus may include determining a label for data and generating a resource including information related to the label. The resource may include at least one of information indicating being training data, information indicating a type of an annotation, information indicating a format of labeling, information describing an annotation, information on an applied ontology, and information referencing the data.